Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)

Melaleuca quinquenervia
(Myrtaceae)

broadleaf paperbark, broadleaf teatree, cajeput, cajuput, melaleuca, paper bark tree, paperbark, paperbark teatree, punk tree

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HEAR home  >  species info  >  plants  >  Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae)
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Species description or overview Taxonomy & nomenclature Impacts Risk assessments Control methods
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Melaleuca quinquenervia is native to Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. 


Species description or overview

Melaleuca quinquenervia overview
A million melaleuca trees have been planted in Hawaii State Forest Reserves to conserve soil on deforested sites, but natural regeneration is very localized.

Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia from IUCN's ISSG/GISD
various

leuca quinquen information from CTAHR (Motooka et al.) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Information about leuca quinquen from "Weeds of Hawaii's pastures and natural areas: an identification and management guide" (Motooka et al. 2003) is provided by the University of Hawaii's College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from PIER
Information on Melaleuca quinquenervia as relevant to Pacific Islands is provided by the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER).

Melaleuca quinquenervia description and ecology from GISD (ISSG)
A species description and information about the ecology of Melaleuca quinquenervia as an invasive species is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).

Fact sheet on Melaleuca quinquenervia
This NPS factsheet about Melaleuca quinquenervia contains native ranges, plant descriptions, ecological threats, U.S. distributions and habitats, background of introductions, plant reproduction and dispersal, management approaches, alternative native plants, and other useful information.

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia is presented with respect to this species being a forest tree in Hawaii. The information on this site is from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) 1989 publication by Little and Skolmen entitled "Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced)."


Taxonomy & nomenclature

GRIN nomenclature info for Melaleuca quinquenervia
Nomenclatural information about Melaleuca quinquenervia is provided by USDA/ARS/NGRP/GRIN.

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from the Smithsonian's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia--including nomenclature and synonymy, and status and distribution in Hawaii--is provided by the "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands" website of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Links from this page include descriptive information about the species, as well as worldwide distributional information and general information about the genus.

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from ITIS
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS provides authoritative taxonomic information on Melaleuca quinquenervia, as well as other plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

IPNI nomenclature info for Melaleuca quinquenervia
Nomenclatural information about Melaleuca quinquenervia is provided by The International Plant Names Index (IPNI).


Impacts

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae): species information from GCW
Information on Melaleuca quinquenervia as relevant to Pacific Islands is provided by the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Melaleuca quinquenervia impact information from GISD (ISSG)
Impact information regarding Melaleuca quinquenervia as an invasive species is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).


Risk assessments

Melaleuca quinquenervia weed risk assessment for Hawaii-Pacific
Results of a weed risk assessment for Melaleuca quinquenervia for the Hawaii-Pacific region are presented by the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment team.

Weed risk assessment for Melaleuca quinquenervia for Florida (TNC) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
A weed risk assessment for Melaleuca quinquenervia for Florida is presented by The Nature Conservancy (Doria Gordon et al.).


Control methods

Field release of the biological control agent Fergusonina turneri ... and its obligate nematode, Fergusobia quinquenerviae... for the control of Melaleuca quinquenervia View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
USDA/APHIS presents an online Environmental Assessment entitled "Field Release of the Biological Control Agent Fergusonina turneri Taylor (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and its Obligate Nematode, Fergusobia quinquenerviae Davies and Giblin-Davis (Tylenchida: Sphaerulariidae) for the Control of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) in the Continental United States" (January 2005).

Interaction between fungal rust Puccinia psidii and Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa, on Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Rust fungus and Australian weevil, two naturalized enemies of melaleuca, compete for newly expanding foliar tissue and may antagonize each other's effects as biocontrol agents of melaleuca (Rayamajhi, M.B., T.K. Van, P.D. Pratt, and T.D. Center. 2006. Interactive association between Puccinia psidii and Oxyops vitiosa, two introduced natural enemies of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida. Biological Control. 37:56-67.)

Susceptibility of Melaleuca quinquenervia to Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biological control agent View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
B. ribis induces cankers on injured melaleuca stems (Rayachhetry, M.B., G.M. Blakeslee, R.S. and R. Charudattan. 1996. Susceptibility of Melaleuca quinquenervia to Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biological control agent. Plant Disease 88:239-248.)

Characteristics of the Fusicoccum anamorph of of Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biocontrol agent for Melaleuca quinquenervia in South Florida View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Eight isolates of Botryosphaeria ribis had varied morphologies, sporulation characteristics, and growth rates [note to patty: include: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/person/33749/5.%20Rayachhetry%20et%20al%201996%20Mycologia.pdf]

Histopathology of Botryosphaeria ribis in Melaleuca quinquenervia: pathogen invasion and host response View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Cellular response of excised melaleuca leaves to B. ribis was studied (Rayachhetry, M.B., G.M. Blakeslee, and T. Miller. 1996. Histopathology of Botryosphaeria ribis in Melaleuca quinquenervia: pathogen invasion and host response. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157:221-229.)

Predisposition of melaleuca to invasion by the potential biological control agent Botryosphaeria ribis View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Drought-stressed melaleuca are more susceptible to canker formation by Botryosphaeria ribis (Rayachhetry, M.B., G.M. Blakeslee, and T.D. Center. 1996. Predisposition of melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) to invasion by the potential biological control agent Botryosphaeria ribis. Weed Science 44:603-608.)

Evaluation of fungus-chemical compatibility for melaleuca control View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Pathogenic fungus Botryospaeria ribis can be combined with some but not all herbicides to control melaleuca (Rayachhetry, M.B. and M.L. Elliott. 1997. Evaluation of fungus-chemical compatibility for melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) control. Weed Technology 11:64-69.)

Puccinia psidii attacks melaleuca View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Biocontrol of invasive melaleuca with the rust Puccinia psidii may be considered after researchers discover a natural epiphytotic in Florida (Plant Disease, 1997).

leuca quinquen information from CTAHR (Motooka et al.) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Information about leuca quinquen from "Weeds of Hawaii's pastures and natural areas: an identification and management guide" (Motooka et al. 2003) is provided by the University of Hawaii's College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).

Melaleuca quinquenervia management information from GISD (ISSG)
Management information for Melaleuca quinquenervia as an invasive species is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).

Herbicidal weed control methods for pastures and natural areas of Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
This comprehensive review of herbicide application methods includes calculations for formulations, and appendices listing herbicides registered for use in Hawaii and their toxicities (University of Hawaii, 2002).


Biocontrol efforts

Environmental assessment of proposed biocontrol of melaleuca View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Field release of the biological control agent Fergusonina turneri Taylor (Diptera:Fergusoninidae) and its obligate nematode, Fergusobia quinquenerviae Davies and Giblin-Davis (Tylenchida: Sphaerulariidae) for the control of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) in the continental United States is assessed by the USDA APHIS (2005).

Field release of the biological control agent Lophodiplosis trifida Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) for the control of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myrtales:Myrtaceae) in the continental United States View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The environmental assessment of potential impacts from the release of the melaleuca stem-gall fly to control malaleuca in Florida was prepared by USDA APHIS (2008).

Field release of the biological control agent Fergusonina turneri and its obligate nematode, Fergusobia quinquenerviae for the control of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the continental United States View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The environmental assessment of the proposed release of a nonindigenous fly and associated nematode, which have a mutualistic biology that causes galls on buds and leaves of melaleuca, is provided by USDA APHIS (2005).


Pests of this species

Interactive association between Puccinia psidii and Oxyops vitiosa, two introduced natural enemies of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida (abstract)
Puccina psidii and Oxyops vitiosa influence each other's life cycle and possibly antagonize each other's effects as biological control agents of M. quinquenervia because both agents compete for newly expanding foliar tissues for colonization, reproduction, and survival during their early stages of development.

Disease index for the rust Puccinia psidii on rose apple in Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Illustrations help define the categories for this disease index and a field survey form is available for reporting Puccinia psidii rust disease (University of Hawaii).

First report of rust caused by Puccinia psidii on paperbark, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in California
Infections by Puccinia psidii were detected on Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark, tea tree) during a regular inspection of a San Diego, California nursery in November, 2010 by San Diego County inspectors.

An analysis of the risk of introduction of additional strains of the rust Puccinia psidii Winter (ohia rust) to Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
This 2008 analysis of the risk of introduction of additional strains of the rust Puccinia psidii to Hawaii provided a basis for Hawaii Department of Agriculture's interim rule regulating importation of plant in the myrtle family, in place for 12 months after its enactment on August 28, 2007.


Images

Images of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) (paperbark, punk tree)
Links to high-resolution free images of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) (paperbark, punk tree) by Forest & Kim Starr (USGS) are available here.

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from the Smithsonian Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia in Hawaii is available from the Smithsonian Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

Leucaena to Pterocarpus images and weed risk assessment scores
Images of trees Leucaena to Pterocarpus, and their weed risk assessment scores, listed alphabetically, are from the University of Hawaii Forestry Extension.

Images of Melaleuca quinquenervia
A collection of images of Melaleuca quinquenervia is presented by The Bugwood Network.

Melaleuca quinquenervia images from PIER
Images of Melaleuca quinquenervia provided by the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER).


Distribution

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from the Smithsonian Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia in Hawaii is available from the Smithsonian Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

Melaleuca quinquenervia information from the Smithsonian's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
Information about Melaleuca quinquenervia--including nomenclature and synonymy, and status and distribution in Hawaii--is provided by the "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands" website of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Links from this page include descriptive information about the species, as well as worldwide distributional information and general information about the genus.

Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy (2000) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The status of invasive plants, vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs, and crustaceans, and options for a regional invasive species strategy for the South Pacific are presented in this series of articles from the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 2000.

Melaleuca quinquenervia worldwide distribution from GISD (ISSG)
Worldwide distribution information about Melaleuca quinquenervia is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).


Books

Turning the tide: The eradication of invasive species (proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives)
Veitch, C.R. and M.N. Clout (eds.) . 2002. Turning the tide: The eradication of invasive species (proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives). IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 414pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0682-3.

Invasive plants of California's wildlands
Bossard, Carla C., John M. Randall, and Marc C. Hoshovsky (eds.) . 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press. 360 pp. illus. ISBN: 0-520-22547-3.

Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide
Motooka, Philip, Luisa Castro, Duane Nelson, Guy Nagai, and Lincoln Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (University of Hawaii--Manoa), Honolulu. 184 pp. color illus. ISBN: 1-929325-14-2.

Identification and biology of nonnative plants in Florida's natural areas (second edition)
Langeland, K.A., H.M. Cherry, C.M. McCormick, and K.A. Craddock Burks. 2008. Identification and biology of nonnative plants in Florida's natural areas (second edition). The University of Florida IFAS Communication Services (Gainesville). 193+ pp. illus. ISBN: 978-0-916287-70-2.


Full-text articles

Peer-reviewed full-text articles on Melaleuca and other species
A bibliography--including links to full-text article downloads on Melaleuca quinquenervia and other species*--is presented online by USDA/ARS (*notably Lygodium spp., Salvinia spp., and pathogens of these and other species).

First report of rust caused by Puccinia psidii on paperbark, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in California
Infections by Puccinia psidii were detected on Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark, tea tree) during a regular inspection of a San Diego, California nursery in November, 2010 by San Diego County inspectors.

Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and research
Stone, Charles P., Clifford W. Smith, and J. Timothy Tunison (eds.) . 1992. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and research. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. ISBN: 0-8248-1474-6.

Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy
South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP). Sherley, Greg (ed.) . 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. Apia, Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. ISBN: 982-04-0214-X.

Turning the tide: The eradication of invasive species (proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives)
Veitch, C.R. and M.N. Clout (eds.) . 2002. Turning the tide: The eradication of invasive species (proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives). IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 414pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0682-3.

Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide
Motooka, Philip, Luisa Castro, Duane Nelson, Guy Nagai, and Lincoln Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (University of Hawaii--Manoa), Honolulu. 184 pp. color illus. ISBN: 1-929325-14-2.

Assessing the risks of plant invasions arising from collections in tropical botanical gardens
Dawson, Wayne, Ahmed S. Mndolwa, David F. R. P. Burslem, and Philip E. Hulme. 2008. Assessing the risks of plant invasions arising from collections in tropical botanical gardens. Biodiversity Conservation. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.

An updated, indexed bibliography of the herpetofauna of Florida
Enge, Kevin M. 2002. An updated, indexed bibliography of the herpetofauna of Florida. Technical report no. 19.

Disease index for the rust Puccinia psidii on ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) in Hawaii
Uchida, Janice Y., Robert C. Anderson, Chris Y. Kadooka, Anne Marie LaRosa, and Cheresa Coles. 2008. Disease index for the rust Puccinia psidii on ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) in Hawaii. CTAHR Plant Disease publication PD-38, Feb. 2008. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). Honolulu. 16 pp. illus.

Disease index for the rust Puccinia psidii on rose apple in Hawaii
Anderson, Robert C. and Janet Y. Uchida. 2008. Disease index for the rust Puccinia psidii on rose apple in Hawaii. CTAHR Plant Disease publication PD-38, Feb. 2008. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). Honolulu. 12 pp. illus.

Control of non-native plants in natural areas of Florida
Langeland, K.A. and R.L. Stocker. (1997-)2001. Control of non-native plants in natural areas of Florida. SP 242, one of a series of the Department of Agronomy, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First printed: 1997. Revised: April, 2001.

Phenology, reproductive potential, seed dispersal and predation, and seedling establishment of three invasive plant species in a Hawaiian rain forest
Medeiros, A.C. 2004. Phenology, reproductive potential, seed dispersal and predation, and seedling establishment of three invasive plant species in a Hawaiian rain forest. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.

Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawaii
Smith, Clifford W., Julie Denslow, and Stephen Hight (eds.) . 2002. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawaii. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany) Technical Report 129. 122 pages.

Strategies for expanding and improving overseas research for biological control and weeds
Balciunas, Joe. 2002. Strategies for expanding and improving overseas research for biological control and weeds. pp. 1-7 in Smith, Clifford W., Julie Denslow, and Stephen Hight (eds). 2002. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawaii. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany) Technical Report 129. 122 pages. from http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/techr/129.pdf accessed 16 March 2008.


Experts

Melaleuca quinquenervia contacts from GISD (ISSG)
Contact information for experts on Melaleuca quinquenervia as an invasive species is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).


Other resources

Phenology, reproductive potential, seed dispersal and predation, and seedling establishment of three invasive plant species in a Hawaiian rain forest
After rain forest of Haleakala National Park was fenced in the late 1980s, native vegetation responded vigorously yet three problematic plant invaders (Clidemia hirta, Hedychium gardnerianum, and Psidium cattleianum) continued to spread unabated and became of great concern to Park managers. This contribution provides a quantitative assessment of crucial life history junctures (quantitative phenology, reproductive potential, seed dispersal, seed predation, seedling establishment) to assist Haleakala NP and other managers of Hawaiian rain forests. It also provides detailed information for potentially identifying key characteristics in prevention, rapid response, and prioritization of incoming invasive species. (This document is the 2004 Ph.D. dissertation of Dr. Arthur C. Medeiros for the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii.)

Melaleuca quinquenervia references from GISD (ISSG)
References regarding Melaleuca quinquenervia as an invasive species is provided from the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). GISD was created and is maintained by IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).


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