Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Murraya paniculata (Murraya exotica); mock orange, orange Jessamine, orange jasmine)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Naturalized in many regions including Puerto Rico.

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Natural populations in Asia, Oceania and Australia. (2)Origin: Southeast Asia. (3)Origin: India

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5. (3)Origin: India

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zones 9b to 11b. (2) Orange jasmine is adapted to a wide range of conditions. Naturalized plants in Puerto Rico grow in areas receiving from about 750 mm to 1900 mm of annual precipitation. The species grows from nearly sea level to elevations of 1,300 m . Plants survive temperatures to about -4 C (3)USDA: 9b-10

(1)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5. (2)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rutaceae/Murraya_paniculata.html

2.04

(1)Natural populations in Asia, Oceania and Australia. (2)Origin: Southeast Asia. (3)Origin: India

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5. (3)Origin: India

2.05

cultivated and now pantropical.

http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

3.01

Naturalized in many regions including Puerto Rico.

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

3.02

(1)invasive in hammocks, especially when bordered by residential areas that use this plant in the landscape. Hand pull seedlings; basal bark treatment with 10% Garlon 4. [naturalized around disturbed vegetation in Florida] (2)Category 2 invader in Florida -- naturalized but not yet shown to alter Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species (3)seen at the edges and in the understory of dry and moist secondary forests. Seedlings do not compete well with grass or herbaceous vegetation.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209 (2)http://www.fleppc.org/03list.htm (3)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)The species has not yet been reported as a weed in any area. (2)Invasive potential: potentially invasive [Florida]

(1)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/murpana.pdf

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No thorns.

Southern Trees. CDROM database.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) "In Asia, M. paniculata is the preferred host of the insect pest Diaphorina citri, the citrus psyllid. The psyllid is the vector for the serious disease "citrus greening" or ‘Huanglongbing’. Both the psyllid and the disease have recently been confirmed in Iran Jaya and it seems almost unavoidable that they will move into Papua New Guinea. The disease is very damaging to citrus in Asia and Australia is so concerned about both the psyllid and the disease moving in her general direction that we are supporting an international program exploring the potential for biological control of the psyllid." (2) Is a host for Mediterranean fruit flies. [Citrus family and it hosts many pests of citrus fruit]

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm (2)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - evergreen shrub

http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

4.09

(1)Half sun to shade. (2)Sun Exposure: Light shade (3)Orange jasmine is moderately intolerant of shade. Although growing well under partial shade, it produces few flowers or fruits. (4)Lighting: Filtered sun to moderate shade. May be grown indoors.

(1)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5. (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rutaceae/Murraya_paniculata.html (3)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (4)http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/murraya.html

4.1

Clay, sandy, loam. pH: acidic and alkaline.

Southern Trees. CDROM database.

4.11

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

An evergreen shrub.

Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5.

5.02

Rutaceae

5.03

Rutaceae

5.04

No evidence

6.01

Seedlings do not compete well with grass or herbaceous vegetation.

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

6.02

Seedlings do not compete well with grass or herbaceous vegetation. Germination is hypogenous.

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

6.03

'A sexual hybrid plant between citrus and orange jessamine was reported once in 1935 however it was weak and stunted and there have been no reports since then.' '…we describe regeneration and intergeneric somatic hybrid plants produced between citrus and its very remote wild relative orange jesammine (Murraya paniculata).' [artificial]

SHINOZAKI-S {a}; FUJITA-K; HIDAKA-T; OMURA-M. 1992. PLANTLET FORMATION OF SOMATIC HYBRIDS OF SWEET ORANGE CITRUS-SINENSIS AND ITS WILD RELATIVE ORANGE JESSAMINE MURRAYA-PANICULATA BY ELECTRICALLY-INDUCED PROTOPLAST FUSION. Japanese-Journal-of-Breeding. 42 (2): 287-295..

6.04

6.05

(1) flower morphology does not suggest adaptation for special pollinators.
(2) AB: At the study sites in Rio Claro, Brazil, flowers of M. exotica were visited by a wide variety of insects, but the most effective pollinators were the bees Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes ; other insects were considered to be nectar and pollen thieves.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm
(2) Vitali, M. de J.; Machado, V. L. L. Visitors to flowers of Murraya exotica(=Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) L. (Rutaceae). [FT: Visitantes florais de Murraya exotica L. (Rutaceae).] Semina (Londrina), 1994, Vol.15, No.2, pp.153-169

6.06

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

6.07

grow at a moderate rate

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

(1)Showy fragrant flowers throughout the year. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/mupan.htm

7.03

Probably not - seeds relatively large. 'Later, shiny, red light green seeds are embedded in the bitter, elliptic fruits about 1 cm long develop. One or two light green seeds are embedded in the bitter, watery pulp. The seeds are tear-drop shaped, round

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

7.04

7.05

7.06

mall orange fruit are bird-dispersed.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209

7.07

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

One or two light green seeds are embedded in the bitter, watery pulp. The seeds are tear-drop shaped, rounded or flattened on one side depending on whether there are one or two seeds per fruit.'

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

8.02

Germination: clean and sow when ripe

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108

8.03

(1)Orange jasmine can be killed with herbicides recommended for broad-leaf weeds, by girdling or grubbing out the plant. (2)basal bark treatment with 10% Garlon 4.

(1)http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209

8.04

Plants vigorously coppice after disturbance.

http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:OUsiVxzHoREC:www.fs.fed.us/global
/iitf/pdf/Murraya%2520exotica.pdf+Murraya+paniculata&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

8.05

Don’t know