Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Grevillea banksii (Red silky oak, Kahili flower, scarlet grevillea)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

Total score:

8

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Naturalized in Hawaii in disturbed dry to wet forests.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Oceania and Australia (Queensland and New South Wales). (2)Native to Central eastern Queensland.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/g-ban.html

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zone 10-11 (2) It does not do well in cooler and mountainous regions (3)Tolerant of extended dry periods (4)Occurs along the coastal belt of Queensland

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/32024/ (2)http://people.hws.edu/fieldguide/show.asp?ID=163 (3)http://www.australianplants.com/plants5.html (4)http://www.forests.qld.gov.au/qts/treetext.html

2.04

(1)Oceania and Australia (Queensland and New South Wales). (2)Native to Central eastern Queensland.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/g-ban.html

2.05

(1) Indonesia, (2) India, (3) Madagascar, (4) Hawaii, (5) "Other areas where it thrives include Fiji, French Polynesia, and Hawaii."

(1) Jafarsidik, Y. (1986) Hardwood forest tree plantations in Sumatra. Indonesian Agricultural Research & Development Journal, 1986, Vol.8, No.1, pp.7-11, 15 ref.
(2) Ram Prasad; Chadhar, S. K. (1987) Grevillea pteridifolia (Syn. Grevillea banksii ) - a successful introduction to mined out areas of Madhya Pradesh - I. Botanical characteristics. Indian Forester, 1987, Vol.113, No.10, pp.670-674, 4 ref.
(3) Tassin, J. (1993) The role of vegetation in the treatment of lavaka at Lake Alaotra. [FT: Place de la végétation dans le traitement des lavaka au Lac Alaotra.] Akon'ny Ala, 1993, No.11, pp.40-49, 18 ref.
(4) Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press.
(5) Honolulu.http://people.hws.edu/fieldguide/show.asp?ID=163

3.01

(1)Naturalized in Hawaii in disturbed dry to wet forests. (2)Appears to be naturalized in the Natal region of South Africa

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://protea.worldonline.co.za/kngrbank.htm

3.02

No evidence

3.03

infests pastures, HI state noxious weed list

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.

3.04

(1)Infests pastures and natural areas in mesic areas [no evidence that it is being controlled in natural areas; better considered a pasture weed unless more evidence can be found]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/grban.htm

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/grban.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

foliage poisonous to horses

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.

4.06

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Pestalotiopsis sp.,Phyllosticta capsulicola, Seimatosporium grevilleae were found to be associated with G. banksii [B. theibrimae cause disease on a wide variety of crops, i.e. postharvest rot of various fruits, java black rot of sweet potato, mango die-back etc BROAD HOST RANGE.]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

(1)Fruit and ovaries may cause dermatitis and pollen may trigger hay fever (2)Skin irritation severe, Toxic Principle - Resorcinols.

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management. (2)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Grevisp.htm

4.08

Probably not - evergreen tree inhabits mesic areas.

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/gre_ban.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/grban.htm

4.09

(1) full sun (2)Full Sun

(1)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/g-ban.html (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/32024/

4.1

(1)best in reasonably well-drained soils (2)Will tolerate poor soils. (3)This species is very sensitive to high phosphorus levels, some fertilizers that are high in phosphorus are fatal. (4)GROWS ON POOR COASTAL SOILS (5)suitable for most soils (6)On sandy or stoney soils

(1)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/g-ban.html (2)http://www.pinemountainnursery.com.au/category23_1.htm (3)http://people.hws.edu/fieldguide/show.asp?ID=163 (4)http://www.wyeenursery.com.au/html/trees6.html (5)http://www.forests.qld.gov.au/qts/treetext.html (6)Stanley and Ross. 1983. Flora of South-eastern Queensland Vol. 1. Queensland Dept of Prmary Industries, Brisbane

4.11

Probably not- not a vine.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

'A small tree, partly deciduous…'

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

Study indicates flowering and fruiting in Australia.

Herscocitch, J.C. and Martin A.R.H. 1989. Pollen pistil interactions in G. banksii I. Grana. 28(2): 69 -84

6.02

'Seeds of G. banksii when released from the capsule are dormant…' 'Under natural conditions aging and weathering of the seed coat eventually causes permeability changes, releasing dormancy perhaps after a period of years.'

Heslehurst, M.R. 1977. Germination in Grevillea banksii. Australian plants. 9(73): 206-208.

6.03

'...G.banksii is also a parent of an increasing number of hybrids.'

http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/g-ban.html

6.04

(1) 'All the data point to self-compatibility in Grevillea banksii.' (2)A hardy shrub which often self seeds

(1)Herscocitch, J.C. and Martin A.R.H. 1990. Pollen pistil interactions in G. banksii. II Grana. 29(1): 5 - 18. (2)http://www.fairhill.com.au/stock/index.html?itemgre-banf-6.html

6.05

(1)Grevillea banksii R. Br. (Proteaceae), a bird-pollinated shrub with stylar presentation of pollen. (2)Atracts birds, specially hummingbirds.

(1)HERSCOVITCH-J-C {a}; MARTIN-A-R-H. 1999. POLLEN-PISTIL INTERACTIONS IN GREVILLEA-BANKSII THE POLLEN GRAIN STIGMA TRANSMITTING TISSUE AND IN-VITRO POLLINATIONS. Grana. 28 (2): 69-84. (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/32024/

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

Don’t know

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the plants have any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes - this species has ornamental value.

Bose, T.K., Das, P and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Volume 1. Regional Plant Resources Centre. Orissa. India.

7.03

(1) Economic importance: Weed: potential seed contaminant (fide State Noxweed Seed)

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17976 (11 July 2003)

7.04

http://www.hear.org/pier/grban.htm

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

No evidence that fruits are consumed

8.01

Don't know

8.02

'Seeds of G. banksii when released from the capsule are dormant…' 'Under natural conditions aging and weathering of the seed coat eventually causes permeability changes, releasing dormancy perhaps after a period of years.'

Heslehurst, M.R. 1977. Germination in Grevillea banksii. Australian plants. 9(73): 206-208.

8.03

Don't know

8.04

In October you can cut them back by 1/3 to 1/2, with a follow up tip prune 2 months later

http://www.searle.com.au/greville.htm

8.05

Considered a weed of pastures in Hawaii

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.