Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f & Thoms., Annonaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Low risk (based on second screen), score: 3 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King; Uvaria odorata Lam.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: motoi

Carolinian: lengileng

Chamorro: alang-ilang, alangilang, ilang-ilang, ilangilang

Chinese: yi lan

Chuukese: pwalang, pwanang, pwuur

English: Macassar oiltree, perfume tree, woolly-pine, ylang-ylang

Fijian: makasoi, makasui, makosoi, makosui, makusui, mokohoi, mokosoi, ylang-ylang

Filipino: ylang-ylang

French: canang odorant, ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang

Hawaiian: lanalana

Japanese: iraniran

Kosraean: ilahnglahng, ilanlang

Kwara‘ae: sa‘o sa‘o

Maori (Cook Islands): mata‘oi, mato‘oi, moto‘oi

Marquesan: moto‘i

Marshallese: ilañlañ

Nauruan: derangerang, derangirang

Niuean: motōi, motoi, motooi

Other: alang-ilang

Palauan: chiráng, ilang-ilang, irang

Pohnpeian: pur-n-wai, pwurenwai, sair-n-wai, seiren wai, seirin wai

Samoan: moso‘oi

Spanish: cadmia, cananga, ilang-ilang

Tahitian: mata‘oi, mato‘oi, moto‘i, moto‘oi, motoi, y‘lang y‘lang, ylang ylang

Tongan: mohokoi

Tuamotuan: motoi, muto‘i

Wallisian: mohokoi, mosokoi

Habit:  shrub/tree

Description:  "Trees or shrubs. Bark pale gray. Branchlets dark colored, striate with age, minutely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1-2 cm, narrowly grooved; leaf blade in 2 ranks, ovate, oblong, or broadly elliptic, 9-23 x 4-14 cm, membranous to thinly papery, often drying black, glabrous when mature except for mostly whitish pubescence along midvein and secondary veins, secondary veins 7-15 on each side of midvein, base rounded, obtuse, or truncate and often inequilateral, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or on short woody branches, racemose or cymose, 1- or several flowered; peduncle 2-5 mm; bracts minute, deciduous. Flowers pendulous. Pedicel 1-5 cm, pubescent, bracteolate. Sepals ovate, ca. 0.7 mm, pubescent, connate at base, apex acute and reflexed. Petals green, turning yellow and inside basally with a purplish brown blotch, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-8 x 0.5-1.8 cm, tomentose and with several veins minutely pubescent, basal claw small. Stamens oblong-oblanceolate, 0.7-1 mm; connectives apically acute, pubescent. Carpels 10-12, ca. 4 mm, puberulent when young, glabrescent; stigmas clavate, lamellate, fused, with a U-shaped groove on inner side running down to base of ovary to form a convex pileate disk. Monocarp stipes 1.2-1.8 cm; monocarps nearly black, ovoid, globose, or oblong, 1.5-2.3 x ca. 1 cm, pulpy, glabrous. Seeds 2-12 per monocarp, pale brown, in 2 series, surface pitted.

"A tree to 10-15 m tall; leaves alternate, simple, entire, ovate-oblong, acuminate, puberulent below, medium green; flowers rather larger, the petals yellowish, narrow, linear; stamens numerous; connective produced; ovaries several to many, free, style oblong; fruiting carpels stipitate, short-ovoid, black, 6-12-seeded"  (Stone, 1970; pp. 279-280).

Habitat/ecology:  Favors moist valleys to 800 m. Cultivated as an ornamental, from which it often escapes.  "The plants are commonly grown, becoming weedy occasionally, and spread into the forests where they become established"  (Welsh, 1998).  In Fiji, "cultivated and also extensively naturalized in gullies and on slopes, in forest and on its edges, at elevations from near sea level to about 800 m"  (Smith, 1981; pp. 37-38).

Propagation:  Seed or cuttings.

Native range:  Indo-China, Malesia and Queensland, Australia; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in the tropics (GRIN).

"Indo-Malaysia. Introduced to Guam from the Philippines, now thoroughly naturalized, mostly in the southern hills, and seeming native (Stone, 1970; p. 279). "Probably an ancient introduction to Tonga and the rest of western Polynesia but it did not reach eastern Polynesia until the European era" (Whistler, 1992; p. 87).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 39) Abundant.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 39) Abundant.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 44)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 39) Abundant. Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9178 (BISH), Garber 650 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 48)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 40507) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f & Thomson
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 9501) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 33)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	cultivated	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (pp. 94-95)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 79)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 97)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll		Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 235 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 27) Mostly cultivated.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 12)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 52) Voucher cited: Glassman 2516 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 3810 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3833 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3919 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4105 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 57 (NY, BISH, PTBG), A. Dores 181 (NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 27 (NY, BISH, PTBG), B. Ekiek 114 (NY, PTBG), E. Eperiam 46 (NY), E. Eperiam 53 (NY), T.W. Flynn 7932 (PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2516 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2792 (BISH), N. Krauss 1892a (BISH), N. Krauss 1895b (BISH), D.H. Lorence 7932 (BISH, PTBG, US), A. Raynor 117 (NY, PTBG), S.H. Riesenberg 54 (BISH), F. Sohl 79 (NY, PTBG), B.C. Stone 5375 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 635 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 648 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 1104 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 34682) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f & Thomson
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 34636) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f & Thomson
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 38772) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f & Thomson
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 34622) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f & Thomson
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21162) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata (L.) Hook. & Thomps.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 42837) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 42988) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43673) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 48878) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2006) (voucher ID: PTBG 49074) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 37-38) Voucher cited: Smith 1291
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 37-38) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 845
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 37-38) Voucher cited: Weiner 7-32
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 37-38) Voucher cited: Greenwood 652
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 37-38) Vouchers cited: Smith 4449; im Thurn 288 DA 13860 (DF 295) H.B.R. Parham 222, 247a, 247b, 181, 214, 331; Smith 9487, DA 18099, DA 7570, DA 16783
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence & L. Dunn 9053 (PAP), J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9514 (PAP), J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9515 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6274) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6277) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39366) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 2153 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1975) (voucher ID: PTBG 13246) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 8483 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39432) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 31) Voucher cited: BRY 25441
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11761 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 31) Vouchrs cited: Moore 241, BRY 26511, BRY 26700
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 31) Voucher cited: BRY 25460
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2525 (PAP) Naturalisée.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3093 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Brooks & Brooks 80 (BISH)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 79-82)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 279-280) Voucher cited: Stone 3854 (GUAM), Stone 3994 (GUAM), Stone 4093 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1966) (voucher ID: PTBG 43311) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 43315) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced cultivated	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2013) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher cited: Lorence 5977 (BISH 600422)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced cultivated	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2013) (p. Voucher specimens) Voucher cited: MacDaniels 424 (BISH 22963)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 63)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 89) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 17 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 15) Vouchers cited: Anon. in MacKee 40305, MacKee 41894, Gazeau in MacKee 43542
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: CHR 170285. CHR 170296
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 22)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 53-54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9986 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 39)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 78)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 183)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1978) (voucher ID: PTBG 45156) Taxon name on voucher: Cananga odorata
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 33)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 158) In cultivation occurring in some forested areas up to an altitude of 800 m.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 6)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 6)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 54)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 71)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 113) "Cultivated throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 59)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 113) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15658
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 51)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 105) Voucher cited: Hotta 4080
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 113) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15086, Hülimann 312
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 65)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 113) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 26)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 30)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 40) Ornamental, essential oil.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 23) Cultivated only
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (p. 111)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Comments:  Thought to be an aboriginal introduction throughout much of Polynesia. Can be invasive, so probably shouldn't be introduced to new locations.

Control:  If you know of control methods for Cananga odorata, please let us know.