Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Cananga odorata


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cananga odorata (perfume tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Indo-Malaysia. Introduced to Guam from the Philippines and naturalized.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

'In addition it is a tree, reaching heights of up to 15 m, and it grows only in tropics, being native from Burma to Australia.'

Fisher, D. G. 1990. Leaf structure of Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) in relation to the collection of photosynthate and phloem loading morphology and anatomy. Canadian Journal of Botany. 68(2): 354-363.

2.02

2.03

(1)Approximate limits north to south: 15°N to 5°S. Altitude range: 0 - 1800 m [this must be an error]
(2)Favors moist valleys to 800 m. (3)USDA zone 10,11 (4)USDA zone 10 - 11. (5)Lowland rainforest (6) It is cultivated in low areas, up to 400m according to regions, requires a high average temperature of between 21 and 32°C, It is planted in humid tropical areas where the annual rainfall is between 1500-2000 mm.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm (3)http://westendnursery.com/plants/ylangylang.shtml (4)http://www.tropilab.com/ylangylang.html (5)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0113_full.html (6)http://www.ecoport.org/default.htm

2.04

The tree is probably indigenous to Myanmar, Malaysia and South-East Asia through to northern Australia (possibly as far east as the Solomon and Caroline Islands). However, it has been widely planted, mainly in home gardens, as an ornamental, multipurpose species. It is found naturalized or planted in many tropical and subtropical areas of the World (particularly as an occasional species in fallow forests, open forests and along forest margins), including Sri Lanka, India, southern China, Taiwan, many of the Pacific Islands, Florida (USA), the Caribbean, Colombia, West Africa, Madagascar and Réunion.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

Introduced in many countries.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

. It is found naturalized or planted in many tropical and subtropical areas of the World (particularly as an occasional species in fallow forests, open forests and along forest margins), including Sri Lanka, India, southern China, Taiwan, many of the Pacific Islands, Florida (USA), the Caribbean, Colombia, West Africa, Madagascar and Réunion.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.02

Could be considered disturbance weed: Colonizes abandoned cleared land

http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0203_full.html

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence that it is being controlled or causing a specific problem beyond occasional naturalization

http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

No information.

4.05

Extract used as a general tonic for veterinary medicine

http://www.7mfarm.com/oilsQ-Z.html

4.06

(1)This site lists 8 species of fungi to be associated with C. odorata. A web search did not reveal any of these pathogens to be recognized pests. (2)Host of oriental fruit fly

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/ento/offlist-e-k.htm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

No information regarding fire ecology (unlikely, wet-forest tree with lush foliage)

4.09

Full sun.

Horticopia trees, shrubs and groundcover. CD-ROM database.

4.1

Clay, sandy, loamy and well drained soils. Slightly alkaline, neutral and acidic.

Horticopia trees, shrubs and groundcover. CD-ROM database.

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A 10- 15 m tall tree (Annonaceae)

http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Propagate by seeds

Whistler. 2000. Tropical onramentals. Timber Press

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

'The pollination pattern is described, confirming the complete protogyny of the flower and demonstrating the role of the inner petals in vector attraction and pollen presentation. '

Deroin, T. 1988. Floral biology of an Annonaceae introduced into the Ivory Coast: Cananga odorata. Biologie florale d'une Annonacée introduite en Côte d'Ivoire: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thoms. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia. Vol.10, No.4, pp.377-393. [not@UH]

6.05

coleopteran pollinators: Nitidulidae and Chrysomelidae

Deroin, T. 1988. Floral biology of an Annonaceae introduced into the Ivory Coast: Cananga odorata. Biologie florale d'une Annonacée introduite en Côte d'Ivoire: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thoms. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia. Vol.10, No.4, pp.377-393. [not@UH]

6.06

Did not find evidence of it reproducing vegetatively in the wild.

6.07

No information - but life span of the tree is 25 to 30 years.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

7.01

Probably not as the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes as the plant has showy fragrant flowers.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

7.03

Probably not as the seeds are relatively big (6- 12 seeds in a 0.5 to 1 inch long fruit).

(1)Southern Trees. CD_ROM database. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm

7.04

No information regarding dispersal. But probably not wind dispersed since the seeds do not have wing or pappus or other adaptations for wind dispersal.

7.05

No information regarding dispersal. But probably not water dispersed -- berry

7.06

But based on the fruit morphology (fleshy round, black fruits 0.5 to 1 inch long) it is likely that the seeds are dispersed by birds.

7.07

Probably not as the seeds do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

Bird dispersal

8.01

(1)Fleshy round fruits, 0.5 to 1 inch long.(2) Fruit short-ovoid, black, 6-12-seeded (3) 4-5 seeds per fruit (probably not > 1000 per m2, not a prolific fruiter)

(1)Southern Trees. CD_ROM database. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/caodo.htm (3) Little et al. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA, Washington , DC

8.02

No information regarding seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No information.

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page updated 24 February 2005