Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pyrostegia venusta (Pyrostegia ignea; orange trumpet creeper, flame vine, golden shower)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) It has escaped cultivation in much of Central Florida and is often seen in flower during the winter and spring growing in trees. (2)this species can be found growing in the wild from south through central Florida (3) Occasional relict from cultivation in Jamaica

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/pyrvena.pdf (2)http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~arbor/nonnative.html (3)Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona

1.03

No evidence

2.01

origin - Brazil

http://www.rareflora.com/pyrostegiave.htm

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA hardiness zones: 9 to 11. (2)Specimens in native range (Brazil) typically 100-1000 m elevation [borderline]

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

origin - Brazil

http://www.rareflora.com/pyrostegiave.htm

2.05

http://www.hear.org/pier/pyven.htm

3.01

(1) It has escaped cultivation in much of Central Florida and is often seen in flower during the winter and spring growing in trees. (2)this species can be found growing in the wild from south through central Florida (3) Occasional relict from cultivation in Jamaica

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/pyrvena.pdf (2)http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~arbor/nonnative.html (3)Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona

3.02

No evidence

3.03

'This ornamental climber has become an invasive weed in São Paulo crops and studies of its reproductive cycle were conducted as part of a program to investigate its control.'

Gobatto-Rodrigues, A. A.; Stort, M. N. S. Floral biology and reproduction of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae). Biologia floral e reprodução de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae).
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

3.04

(1)Pyrostegia venusta was not present at Amani in 1987 and was probably introduced to the area around 1989. It was planted at four locations including the IUCN compound and next to a house in a forest clearing. It was soon realized that the vine was smothering the house and the plant was cut down and the remains were dumped at the forest's edge. Ten years later the vine covers over 6000 m-2 and smothers 30-40 m tall trees. Although it produces numerous brightly coloured orange flowers, observable from a great distance, the vine only appears to be spreading vegetatively at a rate of over 10 m a year. Climbers in the East Usambaras are relatively few and often not very conspicuous and Pyrostegia readily alters the forest's physiognomy. Its profuse horizontal stems running between ground level and a height of 1-2 m hinders human's ability to walk through the forest. However, its main impact on the forest is that of crown dieback as it smothers large canopy trees. There are no reports of P. venusta being invas

(1)http://members.lycos.co.uk/woodyplantecology/invasive/aliens.htm (2)http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/newsletters/nltr16.pdf

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/pyven.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Aplosporella chlorostroma, Cercospora pyrostegiae, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Gloeosporium pyrostegia, Oidium sp., Phyllosticta sp. and Uredo adenocalymmatis were listed as being associated with P. venusta.
No evidence

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

An evergreen vine.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm

4.09

(1)Tolerates partial shade. (2)Full sun; Growing in full sun to partial shade (3)Full sun (4)Tolerate partial shade (5)Needs a sunny wind free position

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP107 (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG097 (4)http://www.sperlingnursery.com/InfoSheets/infovines.pdf (5)http://www.courierclimbers.co.nz/catalogue.php?page=7

4.1

(1)Tolerates acidic to alkaline soils.
(2)Ideally, light or medium clay loams provded it has free drainage.
(3) Soil tolerances: alkaline; clay; sand; acidic; loam

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm (2)http://www.lebepsgarden.zipworld.com.au/archive_plant_profiler_pyrostegia_venusta_orange_trumpet_vine_june2000.html
(3) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/pyrvena.pdf

4.11

(1)It is a woody climber that climbs with its tendrils. (2) Has ability to smother trees. (3)Gardeners must spend a great deal of energy to prevent the plant from overwhelming everything.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/pyrven.html (3)http://chiangmai-chiangrai.com/blossoms.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

It is a woody climber that climbs with its tendrils.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

The complete reproductive cycle, from flower initiation to fruit maturity, lasted 96 plus or minus 14 days and generally began in Apr. at the sites studied.

Gobatto-Rodrigues, A. A.; Stort, M. N. S. Floral biology and reproduction of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae). Biologia floral e reprodução de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae).
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

6.02

'reproduction was solely via seeds.'

Gobatto-Rodrigues, A. A.; Stort, M. N. S. Floral biology and reproduction of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae). Biologia floral e reprodução de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae).
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

6.03

6.04

Flowers were also artificially cross- and self-pollinated. The results showed that P. venusta was self-compatible with facultative outbreeding and its reproduction was solely via seeds.

Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

6.05

(1)Flowers are protandrous and hummingbird-pollinated, producing exudate before and after anthesis. The hummingbirds Eupetomena macroura and Phaethornis pretrei were found to be the effective pollinators; all the species of visiting insects recorded simply collected nectar and pollen. (2)hummingbird favorite. (3)Listed as a bee forage plant in India but no evidence of fertilization by bees [flower morphology would seem to prevent this]

Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41. (2)http://gardens.ucr.edu/events/vines.html (3)http://mandasofpune5.homestead.com/Beeforage.html

6.06

reproduction was solely via seeds. [not documented as rooting at the nodes]

Gobatto-Rodrigues, A. A.; Stort, M. N. S. Floral biology and reproduction of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae). Biologia floral e reprodução de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae).
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

6.07

Growth rate: fast

http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/pyrvena.pdf

7.01

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

an attractive ornamental climber.

7.03

no evidence, no products

7.04

The seeds were dispersed by wind at the end of Nov.

Gobatto-Rodrigues, A. A.; Stort, M. N. S. Floral biology and reproduction of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae). Biologia floral e reprodução de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (Bignoniaceae).
Revista Brasileira de Botânica. 1992, Vol.15, No.1 pp 37- 41.

7.05

no evidence

7.06

wind

7.07

no evidence

7.08

dry capsule not consumed

8.01

capsule 25-30 cm long - but don’t know about seed size or seeds per capsule

http://www.hear.org/pier/pyven.htm

8.02

Don’t know

8.03

8.04

(1) 'Prune severely after flowering to encourage branching and more flowering next time.' (2) If it is cut down by a freeze, it will re-emerge from the roots.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pyro_ven.cfm (2)http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/florida_gardening/20692

8.05

Natural controls- Scales, mites, and caterpillars have affected this species in urban yards [Florida]

http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~arbor/nonnative.html