Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Bloodwood, Mexican pterocarpus, Sangre de gallo. Synonym(s) - P. hayesii Hemsl.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native: * NORTHERN AMERICA Central Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz * SOUTHERN AMERICA Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco; Nicaragua; Panama Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010]

2.02

(1)Native: * NORTHERN AMERICA Central Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz * SOUTHERN AMERICA Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco; Nicaragua; Panama Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010]

2.03

(1)Native: * NORTHERN AMERICA Central Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz * SOUTHERN AMERICA Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco; Nicaragua; Panama Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru (2)4. The tropical premontane rain-forest life zone occurs between 800-1450 m. Prominent in the canopy are species of Lauraceae and Sapotaceae, together with Hyeronima guatemalensis and Meliosma vernicosa. A few lowland trees reach the upper limit of this zone, e.g. Dendropanax arboreus, Dussia macroprophyllata and Pterocarpus rohrii (P. hayesii). Palms continue to decline; Prestoea longepetiolata occurs at 1000-1400 m. Tree ferns increase markedly (e.g. species of Cyathea, Cnemidaria, Dicksonia).

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010] (2)BRAULIO CARRILLO-LA SELVA REGION. Costa Rica. http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/ma/ma16.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

2.04

(1)Native: * NORTHERN AMERICA Central Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz * SOUTHERN AMERICA Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco; Nicaragua; Panama Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010]

2.05

(1)Native: * NORTHERN AMERICA Central Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz * SOUTHERN AMERICA Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco; Nicaragua; Panama Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru [no evidence of widespread planting outside native range]

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?437027 [Accessed 26 February 2010]

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

3.05

(1)Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus macrocarpus Pterocarpus officinalis Pterocarpus rotundifolius Pterocarpus santalinoides listed as weeds of some type [but subsequent literature searches failed to locate any information describing impacts or control of any of the preceding species]

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

4.01

(1)Trees, unarmed.

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

4.03

(1)Trees, unarmed [no evidence]

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

4.04

(1)Appendix I. Plants eaten by tapirs on BCI…Pterocarpus rohrii…Part eaten. Leaf

(1)Terwilliger, V. J. 1978. Natural History of Baird's Tapir on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Biotropica 10(3): 211-220.

4.05

(1)Appendix I. Plants eaten by tapirs on BCI…Pterocarpus rohrii…Part eaten. Leaf [no evidence]

(1)Terwilliger, V. J. 1978. Natural History of Baird's Tapir on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Biotropica 10(3): 211-220.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

leaves used as food [for related species P. dalbergioides, but no evidence from genus]

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.08

(1)Although many of the newly introduced seedlings may be considered early colonizers (e.g., Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.; Senna pallida var. pallida; Cordia collococca L.), at least eight species are overstory trees consistent with a healthy dry forest (i.e., Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl; Lonchocarpus costaricensis (Pittier); Zanthoxylum sp.). No nonnative plants emerged following these low-intensity fires of small spatial extent. [grows in dry forests, but unknown if increases fire risk]

(1)Otterstrom, S. M., M. W. Schwartz and I. Velazquez-Rocha. 2006. Responses to Fire in Selected Tropical Dry Forest Trees. Biotropica 38(5): 592–598.

4.09

(1)Some of the shade-intolerant species, for example (Miconia argentea and Pterocarpus rohrii), well-represented in the young forest, appear rarely, if ever, in the tall forest. [but see Uriarte et al. 2004] (2)Table 1 NameS family, light guild, and number of stems = 4 cm in d.b.h. of species included in growth analyse...Pterocarpus rohrii...Light Guild...Shade-tolerant

(1)Burrows, C. J. 1990. Processes of Vegetation Change. Unwin Hyman, Inc., London. (2)Uriarte, M., R. Condit, C. D. Canham, S. P. Hubbell. 2004. A Spatially Explicit Model of Sapling Growth in a Tropical Forest: Does the Identity of Neighbours Matter? Journal of Ecology 92(2): 348-360

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1)Trees, unarmed.

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

4.12

(1)Behind the scrub, or directly beside the river, gallery forest exists with trees such as Ficus sp., Inga sp., Guarea macrophylla subsp. spicaeflora, Pithecellobium multiflorum, Pterocarpus rohrii and Rheedia gardnerana. Vines are also frequent in this formation (e.g. Cissus hassleranus, Paullinia pinnata, and various Malpighiaceae such as Mascagnia benthamiana, M. sepium and Stigmaphyllon sp.). (2)No evidence

(1)Prance, G. T. and G. B. Schaller. 1982. Preliminary Study of Some Vegetation Types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia 34(2): 228-251. (2)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands.

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

5.03

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

5.04

(1)Trees, unarmed.

(1)Dwyer, J.D. and F. J. Hermann. 1965. Flora of Panama. Part V, Fascicle 4. Family 83. Leguminosae. Subfamily Papilionoideae (in part). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(1): 1-54.

6.01

(1)No evidence (2)No evidence

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands. (2)Augspurger, C. K. and Kevin P. Hogan. 1983. Wind Dispersal of Fruits with Variable Seed Number in a Tropical Tree (Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus: Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 70(7): 1031-1037.

6.02

(1)Pod with a broad wing all around the margin. (2)Variability in seed number per fruit is common among the wind-dispersed trees of the Leguminosae on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In addition to Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus, it occurs in Platypodium elegans, Dalbergia retusa, Tachigalia versicolor, Pterocarpus rohrii, Myroxylon balsamum, Platymiscium pinnatum, and Vatairea sp. (C. Augspurger, pers. observ.). Only Pterocarpus rohrii has a high proportion of multi-seeded fruits.

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands. (2)Augspurger, C. K. and Kevin P. Hogan. 1983. Wind Dispersal of Fruits with Variable Seed Number in a Tropical Tree (Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus: Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 70(7): 1031-1037.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Table 1. Nature of the breeding system. [Pterocarpus rohrii = Self-Incompatible; but see Opler et al. 1975] (2)The strong emphasis on self-incompatibility shown by Guanacaste Cordia agrees with the general finding by Bawa (1974) of self-incompatibility in a majority of the hermaphroditic trees examined in the same ecosystem. Also, the intra-specific variation in self-compatibility levels shown by Cordia alliodora is also found in populations of other dry forest species such as Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl. (Papilionoideae) and Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC. (Malpighiaceae) (Bawa 1974; Frankie, Bawa, and Opler, unpublished data). This variability probably allows for adequate seed set (by self-pollination) as well as maintaining heterozygosity (by cross-pollination

(1)Bawa, K. S. 1974. Breeding Systems of Tree Species of a Lowland Tropical Community. Evolution 28(1): 85-92. (2)Opler, P. A., H. G. Baker, G. W. Frankie. 1975. Reproductive Biology of Some Costa Rican Cordia Species (Boraginaceae). Biotropica 7(4): 234-247.

6.05

(1)Pilot work, which preceded this study, indicated that Centris species, G. exul and Trigona species also forage widely among trees of Byrsonima crassifolia, Pterocarpus rohrii and vines of Securidaca sylvestris (G. Frankie, P. Opler and K. Bawa, unpub.). [bee-pollinated]

(1)Bawa, K. S. and M. Hadley. 1990. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Unesco, Paris.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Seed with wing 5 cm wide [fairly large, with no means of external attachment]

(1)Paton, S. Pterocarpus rohrii seed-dry. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2003-2006. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SP3039 [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

7.02

(1)Pterocarpus Rohrii ; a fine specimen of Galba Calophylium Calaba, a native tree, known under the name of Santa Maria in Jamaica, of value for its timber, and also on account of its quick growth for wind belts

(1)Botanic Gardens (Dominica). 1922. Official guide to the Botanic Gardens, Dominica : illustrated : with an index of the principal plants. Botanic Gardens, Dominica.

7.03

(1)Seed with wing 5 cm wide [no evidence and unlikely, seed fairly large, with no means of external attachment]

(1)Paton, S. Pterocarpus rohrii seed-dry. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2003-2006. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SP3039 [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

7.04

(1)Pod with a broad wing all around the margin. (2)Variability in seed number per fruit is common among the wind-dispersed trees of the Leguminosae on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In addition to Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus, it occurs in Platypodium elegans, Dalbergia retusa, Tachigalia versicolor, Pterocarpus rohrii, Myroxylon balsamum, Platymiscium pinnatum, and Vatairea sp. (C. Augspurger, pers. observ.). Only Pterocarpus rohrii has a high proportion of multi-seeded fruits.

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands. (2)Augspurger, C. K. and Kevin P. Hogan. 1983. Wind Dispersal of Fruits with Variable Seed Number in a Tropical Tree (Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus: Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 70(7): 1031-1037.

7.05

(1)Behind the scrub, or directly beside the river, gallery forest exists with trees such as Ficus sp., Inga sp., Guarea macrophylla subsp. spicaeflora, Pithecellobium multiflorum, Pterocarpus rohrii and Rheedia gardnerana. Vines are also frequent in this formation (e.g. Cissus hassleranus, Paullinia pinnata, and various Malpighiaceae such as Mascagnia benthamiana, M. sepium and Stig- maphyllon sp.). [no evidence of water dispersal found, but distribution along rivers suggest seed pods may be water dispersed]

(1)Prance, G. T. and G. B. Schaller. 1982. Preliminary Study of Some Vegetation Types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia 34(2): 228-251.

7.06

(1)Pod with a broad wing all around the margin [not fleshy-fruited].

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands.

7.07

(1)Seed with wing 5 cm wide [fairly large, with no means of external attachment]

(1)Paton, S. Pterocarpus rohrii seed-dry. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2003-2006. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SP3039 [Accessed 01 Mar 2010]

7.08

(1)Pod with a broad wing all around the margin [not fleshy-fruited; unlikely that seed would be consumed].

(1)Lanjouw, J., A. A. Pulle, and A. L. Stoffers. 1976. Flora of Suriname, Volume 2, Part 2. Van Eedenfonds, The Netherlands.

8.01

(1)the suborbicular veiny pod to about 7 cm. wide, broadly membranous wing-margined and with 1 seed.

(1)Macbride, J. F. 1943. Flora of Peru. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 13, part 3, no. 1. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

8.02

(1)Longevity (months) = 8+ [Unknown from field conditions]

(1)Sautu, A., J. M. Baskin, C. C. Baskin, and R. Condit. 2006. Studies on the seed biology of 100 native species of trees in a seasonal moist tropical forest, Panama, Central America. Forest Ecology and Management 234: 245–263.

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

8.04

(1)Abstract: 1 Individuals of many woody plant species have the ability to respond to damage which causes removal of the crown by producing new branches (sprouts) along the remaining stem. Resprouting by woody plants has received little attention in relatively undisturbed tropical forest. 2 To assess the importance of resprouting for forest dynamics, we estimated resprouting rates and mortality rates of resprouted individuals for the forest as a whole and for individual species in a 50-ha permanent plot in tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We tested for differences between species and asked whether the differences were related to phylogeny, growth form or shade tolerance. 3 Among individuals not known to have resprouted previously, we estimate that the annual rate of resprouting is 1.7% for individuals in both small and large size classes (1-9.9 cm d.b.h. and ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.). For small and large individuals, respectively, annual mortality of previously undamaged individuals is 2.2% and 1.5%, while that of resprouted individuals is 9.6% and 10.3%. This resulted in survival of 62% of resprouted individuals over 5 years, compared to 90% survival among individuals not known to have resprouted recently. 4 Resprouting rates varied by species and family, but little between growth forms. Species in the families Lauraceae and Piperaceae had high rates of resprouting. Resprouting was common across the spectrum of shade tolerance. 5 Damage to woody forest plants on Barro Colorado Island is frequent, and many species are able to respond by resprouting. Resprouting ability may be an important life history characteristic of woody species on BCI, with individuals experiencing both increases and decreases in size...In the large size class...the canopy species Pterocarpus rohrii (Fabaceae) had high resprouting rates.

(1)Paciorek, C. J., R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster. 2000. The Demographics of Resprouting in Tree and Shrub Species of a Moist Tropical Forest. Journal of Ecology 88(5): 765-777.

8.05

Unknown