Lagurus ovatus L. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - hare's tail grass, bunny tails grass. Synonym(s) - NA

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Mediterranean (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) (3)USDA Hardiness Zone 10 - 11

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1786/ [Accessed 17 June 2008] (3)http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/hortanswers/PlantDetail.cfm?PlantID=622&PlantTypeID=3 [Accessed 17 June 2008]

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) (2)USDA Hardiness Zone 10 - 11

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1786/ [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/hortanswers/PlantDetail.cfm?PlantID=622&PlantTypeID=3 [Accessed 17 June 2008]

2.04

(1)Communities: introduced plant which is becoming naturalized, escaped cultivar [California] (2)Naturalised from Mediterranean...Usually near the coast in sandy ground or in shingle, often locally abundant. [New Zealand] (3)"A common weed of sandy soils from Kalbarri to Israelite Bay, especially near the coast." [Western Australia] (4)In southern Africa, only 12% of grasses (113 of 912 species) are naturalized aliens. These include 53 species in 29 alien genera and 60 alien species in 24 southern African genera (Table 1). [Lagurus ovatus naturalized in fynbos, South Africa]

(1)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4559 [Accessed 17 June 2008](2)Edgar, E. and H. Connor. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume: Gramineae. First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcr. A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres. http://FloraSeries.LandcareResearch.co.nz. [Accessed 17 June 2008]. (3)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA. (4)Milton, S. J. 2004. Grasses as invasive alien plants in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100(January/February): 69-75.

2.05

(1)Distribution. Introduced. Tasmania, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, and South Australia. (2)DISTRIBUTION Europe: southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, and south. Asia-temperate: Caucasus, western Asia, and Arabia. Asia-tropical: India. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. North America: northeast USA and southwest USA. South America: northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America. [native to Mediterranean]

(1)C.M. Weiller, M.J. Henwood, J. Lenz and L. Watson (1995 onwards). `Pooideae (Poaceae) in Australia - Descriptions and Illustrations'. URL http://muse.bio.cornell.edu/delta/ [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Accessed 17 June 2008]

3.01

(1)Communities: introduced plant which is becoming naturalized, escaped cultivar [California] (2)Naturalised from Mediterranean...Usually near the coast in sandy ground or in shingle, often locally abundant. [New Zealand] (3)"A common weed of sandy soils from Kalbarri to Israelite Bay, especially near the coast." [Western Australia] (4)In southern Africa, only 12% of grasses (113 of 912 species) are naturalized aliens. These include 53 species in 29 alien genera and 60 alien species in 24 southern African genera (Table 1). [Lagurus ovatus naturalized in fynbos, South Africa] (5)Unlikely to have been deliberately planted, the grass Lagurus ovatus (Hare’s-tail) is now well established on the sandy shore at Rosslare Harbour, Co. Wexford. It grows on sand dunes on the north-west coast of France and was probably transported accidentally from there to Ireland via cars or trucks on the ferry. It is also cultivated as an ornamental grass and is sometimes seen away from gardens [Ireland]

(1)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4559 [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)Edgar, E. and H. Connor. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume: Gramineae. First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcr. A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres. http://FloraSeries.LandcareResearch.co.nz. [Accessed 17 June 2008]. (3)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA. (4)Milton, S. J. 2004. Grasses as invasive alien plants in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100(January/February): 69-75. (5)www.cbd.int/doc/world/ie/ie-nr-ais-en.doc [Accessed 19 June 2008]

3.02

A disturbance weed and environemental weed [Sufficient to answer 'yes' to Question 3.04](1)naturalized elsewhere, weed species of disturbed areas, coastal dunes, sandy soils, maritime sands, along roadsides, in gardens, under trees and shrubs. (2)Distribution: Kashmir, introduced; range as for genus, introduced elsewhere...Hare’s-tail is a plant of maritime sands and dry waste places inland, frequently grown as an ornamental and sometimes escaping. [India] (3)Hare’s Tail Grass Lagurus ovatus and Great Brome Bromus diandrus are two grassy weeds that have established in many areas of disturbed bushland...Present throughout site with highest abundance on secondary dunes and near tracks and disturbed areas...Competes with native plants [Western Australia]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL (2)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220007256 [Accessed 17 June 2008] (4)Anonymous. 2004. Foreshore Management Plan: Mindarie – Quinns Rocks. Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd. North Fremantle WA.

3.03

3.04

(1)The high incidence of Lagurus ovatus (Hares Tail grass) in the Peppermint forest on the north of Geographe Bay Road is leading to a decline in native species cover and diversity as a result of competition for nutrients and moisture. This grass also renders the coastal forest more susceptible to fire particularly during late summer when the grass is very dry. Photograph 8 (in the Technical Report) shows how dense the cover is in the Siesta Park Reserve. No single, simple solution exists for the control of this plant. The most effective method is, as with other weed species, is to achieve a strong cover of native species and this, in turn, relates to the integrated management of the coastal zone (2)Copper-deficient calcareous sand of coastal South Australia is dominated by Bromus madritensis and Lagurus ovatus.

(1)Anonymous 2001. Geographe Bay Foreshore Management Plan Proposals. CoastWise and MJ Lundstrom Pty Ltd and Indigenous Consultation. Subiaco, WA. Available from http://www.busselton.wa.gov.au/files/geographe_bay_foreshore_management_plan.pdf [Accessed 18 June 2008] (2)Riceman, D. S., C. M. Donald, and S. T. Evans. 1940. Australia. Council. Sci. Ind. Res. Pamphlet 96.

3.05

(1)One species in genus

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Low grazing value (2)On the sand dunes, the unpalatable species Desmoschoenus spiralis and Lagurus ovatus occur at both stocking rates but Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum and the upright rush-like Scirpus nodosus occur only where stocking is moderate. [Lagurus persists in grazed areas]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL.(2)Wraight, M. J. 1964. Modification of Grasslands by Grazing Animals. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 11: 27–32

4.05

(1)Livestock poison no

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/LA/Lagurus%20ovatus.htm [Accessed 17 June 2008]

4.06

(1)A previously unrecorded virus with isometric particles 27 nm diameter, has been isolated from Lolium perenne L. and Cynosurus cristatus L. from Eire and from C. cristatus from Yorkshire, and named lolium mottle virus (LMV). The virus could be inoculated into cultivars of wheat, oats, barley and rye, and Lagurus ovatus L. It is symptomless in Lolium multifloriim Lam. and Phleumpratense L. Some properties of LMV are reported. The virus, though readily sap transmissible, was not transmitted by two Oulema species (Coleoptera) or by three species of aphids (Hemiptera). (2)Abstract: The range of host and non-host plants of barley yellow mosaic virus is listed in tables based on the author's experiments and on a review of literature: In the genus Hordeum five species and 103 varieties as hosts and 8 species and 15 varieties as non-hosts; Among cereals and grasses 94 species as non-hosts; 14 Aegilops species, Eremopyrum hirsutum (Bertol.) Nevski and Lagurus ovatus L. as new host plants. (3)Lagurus ovatus Common names: Hare's-tail Susceptible to:o Anthoxanthum latent blanching hordeivirus o Anthoxanthum mosaic (?) potyvirus o Barley mild mosaic bymovirus o Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus o Cocksfoot streak (?) potyvirus o Cynosurus mottle (?) sobemovirus o Foxtail mosaic potexvirus o Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus o Oat sterile dwarf fijivirus o Wheat dwarf monogeminivirus

(1)A'Brook, J. 1972. Lolium Mottle Virus. Plant Pathology 21(3): 118-120 (2)Proeseler, G. 1988. HOST PLANTS AND NON-HOST PLANTS OF BARLEY YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS. Archivfuer Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz 24(4): 267-272. (3)http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/famly064.htm#Lagurus%20ovatus [Accessed 20 June 2008]

4.07

(1)Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no (2)Poison: None Known (3)Adverse Reactions: IGE AND IMMUNE: Unknown or Nil NON IMMUNE: Unknown or Nil

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/LA/Lagurus%20ovatus.htm [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)http://www.herbarium.rdg.ac.uk/mediplants/resultd.asp [Accessed 19 June 2008] (3)http://www.allallergy.net/databases/index.cfm/AlphCode/B [Accessed 19 June 2008]

4.08

(1)The high incidence of Lagurus ovatus (Hares Tail grass) in the Peppermint forest on the north of Geographe Bay Road is leading to a decline in native species cover and diversity as a result of competition for nutrients and moisture. This grass also renders the coastal forest more susceptible to fire particularly during late summer when the grass is very dry. Photograph 8 (in the Technical Report) shows how dense the cover is in the Siesta Park Reserve. No single, simple solution exists for the control of this plant. The most effective method is, as with other weed species, is to achieve a strong cover of native species and this, in turn, relates to the integrated management of the coastal zone.

(1)Anonymous 2001. Geographe Bay Foreshore Management Plan Proposals. CoastWise and MJ Lundstrom Pty Ltd and Indigenous Consultation. Subiaco, WA. Available from http://www.busselton.wa.gov.au/files/geographe_bay_foreshore_management_plan.pdf [Accessed 18 June 2008]

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (2)Provide a growing area exposed to full sun and with a sandy or well-drained soil. (3)Environment: prefers full sun; soil should be moist

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1786/ [Accessed 17 June 2008]( 2)http://web1.msue.msu.edu/imp/modzz/00000825.html [Accessed 17 June 2008] (3)http://www.aboutgardenplants.com/Lagurus_ovatus.shtml [Accessed 17 June 2008]

4.10

(1)Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) (2)Culture Full sun to very light shade. Needs very well-drained soil. (3)pH Range: 4.5 to 8 Soil Range: Mostly Sand to Clay Loam [reference suggests broader soil tolerance, but most references refer to sandy, well-drained soils] (4)Suitable soil is sandy. The pH preference is a neutral soil.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1786/ [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/hortanswers/PlantDetail.cfm?PlantID=622&PlantTypeID=3 [Accessed 17 June 2008] (3)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_ed7c.html [Accessed 17 June 2008] (4)Horticopia Professional. 2004.Version 4.1.

4.11

Not a vine

4.12

(1)The high incidence of Lagurus ovatus (Hares Tail grass) in the Peppermint forest on the north of Geographe Bay Road is leading to a decline in native species cover and diversity as a result of competition for nutrients and moisture. This grass also renders the coastal forest more susceptible to fire particularly during late summer when the grass is very dry. Photograph 8 (in the Technical Report) shows how dense the cover is in the Siesta Park Reserve. No single, simple solution exists for the control of this plant. The most effective method is, as with other weed species, is to achieve a strong cover of native species and this, in turn, relates to the integrated management of the coastal zone. [growth of plant can exclude native vegetation]

(1)Anonymous 2001. Geographe Bay Foreshore Management Plan Proposals. CoastWise and MJ Lundstrom Pty Ltd and Indigenous Consultation. Subiaco, WA. Available from http://www.busselton.wa.gov.au/files/geographe_bay_foreshore_management_plan.pdf [Accessed 18 June 2008]

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

Not a geophyte

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)Propagation Methods: By dividing the rootball From seed; sow indoors before last frost From seed; direct sow after last frost (2)Fruit. Fruit free from both lemma and palea, oblong or fusiform, 2.5-3 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, longitudinally grooved, glabrous, without a fleshy apex. Hilum c. 0.2 mm long, punctiform, above the base. Embryo 0.5-0.6 mm long, not waisted, with an epiblast; endosperm soft.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1786/ [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)C.M. Weiller, M.J. Henwood, J. Lenz and L. Watson (1995 onwards). `Pooideae (Poaceae) in Australia - Descriptions and Illustrations'. URL http://muse.bio.cornell.edu/delta/ [Accessed 17 June 2008]

6.03

(1)One species in genus [no evidence of intergeneric hybridization]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Poaceae - wind-pollinated

6.06

Tufted grass, propagation by seed (1)That's "Rabbit's Tail Grass" (lagurus ovatus) as the page background and above. It's an annual ornamental grass which will self seed (and maybe NOT where you want it to, so help this type to cooperate by learning how to Save Seeds). Most ornamental grasses are perennials, which can be divided every few years to increase your supply. [Lagurus cannot be divided]

(1)http://ourgardengang.tripod.com/ornamentalgrass.htm [Accessed 20 June 2008]

6.07

(1)Annual

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, FL.

7.01

No means of attachment

7.02

(1)Bunny tails grass has soft, fluffy plumes that add texture to the garden and are great for dried flower arrangements. Just cut the flowers after they open, tie them in bunches, and hang them upside down in a well-ventillated room. [ornamental]

(1)http://www.dianeseeds.com/lagurus-ovatus.html [Accessed 17 June 2008]

7.03

(1)Bunny tails grass has soft, fluffy plumes that add texture to the garden and are great for dried flower arrangements. Just cut the flowers after they open, tie them in bunches, and hang them upside down in a well-ventillated room. [seeds could be accidentally dispersed in dry flower arrangements]

(1)http://www.dianeseeds.com/lagurus-ovatus.html [Accessed 17 June 2008]

7.04

(1)Dispersal - wind

(1)Esler, A. E. 1987. The naturalisation of plants in urban Auckland, New Zealand 3. Catalogue of naturalised species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 539-558.

7.05

No evidence [wind, not water, is dispersal method mentioned for distribution along coastal areas]

7.06

(1)Diamond Firetails concentrated on weed and pasture grasses, namely Digitaria spp., Wild Oats Avena fatua, Hordeum hystrix, and Pussy Tails Lagurus ovatus during summer and autumn [birds act as seed predators]

(1)Read, J. L. 1994. The Diet of Three Species of Firetail Finches in Temperate South Australia. Emu 94(1): 1-8.

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

Unknown [no information on gut passage]

8.01

Based on floral morphology (1)Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels 0.5–2 mm long…Spikelets comprising 1 fertile floret;…[relatively few spikelets and florets per panicle]

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Accessed 17 June 2008]

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Conditions: Long-term storage under IPGRI preferred conditions at RBG Kew, WP. Oldest collection 17 years; average germination change 87.1 to 94.7%, mean storage period 13 years, 7 collections [lab evidence and ecology as an overwintering annual suggest seed bank formation is possible]

(1)http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?ID=13328&Num=r2J [Accessed 19 June 2008]

8.03

(1)Spray with Fusilade or similar herbicide at 2-4L/ha. (2)Lagurus ovatus (Hare's Tail) Annual grass that is best controlled by Roundup.

(1)Anonymous. 2004. Foreshore Management Plan: Mindarie – Quinns Rocks. Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd. North Fremantle WA. (2)http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/Documents/hampton_masterplan.pdf [Accessed 19 June 2008]

8.04

Probably not [annual ecology]

8.05

Unknown