Ilex dimorphophylla Koidz. Family - Aquifoliaceae. Common names - Korean holly, Okinawan holly.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

2

Second Screening

Low risk

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Ilex dimorphophylla Koidz. (section Ilex) is an endemic species to Amamioshima Island of the Ryukyu Islands. (2) Amami Oshima Island
(Amami Oshima): The largest island of the Amami Islands, this mountainous island also has a coral reef on its north coast, spectacular and beautiful diving sites in the Oshima Strait, groves of palms and plantains, and a fine subtropical climate. It is the northernmost island of the Ryukyu cultural area and is famous for its Oshima pongee. (2) Okinawa Holly - Ilex dimorphophylla: Ornamental tree which comes in evergreen and deciduous species. Has toothed glossy green leaves and red berries. Found in both temperate and tropical regions.

(1) Setoguchi, H. and I. Watanabe. 2000. Intersectional gene flow between insular endemics of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) on the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. American Journal of Botany 87(6): 793–810. (2) http://www.celestialbonsai.com/descriptions.html [21 Nov 2007]

2.02

Native range is well known.

2.03

(1) Hardiness:
USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F)
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/102067/ [20 Nov 2007]

2.04

(1) Ilex dimorphophylla Koidz. (section Ilex) is an endemic species to Amamioshima Island of the Ryukyu Islands.

(1) Setoguchi, H. and I. Watanabe. 2000. Intersectional gene flow between insular endemics of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) on the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. American Journal of Botany 87(6): 793–810. (2) http://www.kougei.or.jp/english/touristspots/Kagoshima.html [20 Nov 2007]

2.05

(1) Cultivated as a hedge and outdoor plant by horticultural industry in Europe and North America.

(1) Bailes, C. 2006. Hollies for Gardeners. Timber Press, Portland.

3.01

(1) No records of naturalization

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamei.htm [20 Nov 2007]

3.02

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamei.htm [20 Nov 2007]

3.03

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamei.htm [20 Nov 2007]

3.04

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamei.htm [20 Nov 2007]

3.05

(1) Holly is naturalised in NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, usually in wet forest where it is a serious threat to native species. It is still sold from many nurseries. (2) English holly is carried by birds into forests where it can form dense thickets that dominate the tall shrub layer and suppress germination and growth of native tree and shrub species. According to the USDA distribution map, English holly is reported as naturalized in Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii. Here in Washington, holly is mostly limited to western counties.

(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E24 [21 Nov 2007] (2) http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/holly.htm [21 Nov 2007]

4.01

(1) The juvenile leaves are very spiny, but as the plant matures this is reduced to a single spine at the end of the leaf. (2) Danger:
Plant has spines or sharp edges; use extreme caution when handling

(1) http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php
?PlantId=1009&urlSQL=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel
+LIKE+'I%25'+&TotalOffset=7&TotalNum=52 [20 Nov 2007] (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/102067/ [20 Nov 2007]

4.02

No evidence for Ilex dimorphophylla, but others in the genus have been shown to have allelopathic effects. (1) As the inhibition of growth and change in the morphology of the plantlets (without participation of pH and osmotical potential) are considered "bona fide" indicators of allelopathic activity, the results strongly suggest that I. paraguariensis is an allelopathic species.

(1) Aquila, A. and M. Estefania. 2000. Allelopathics effect of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. on germination and seedlings growth of Lactuca sativa L. Iheringia Serie Botanica (53) : 51-66.

4.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22Ilex
%20dimorphophylla%22+parasitic%7Cparasite [21 Nov 2007]

4.04

No evidence for Ilex dimorphophylla, but others in the genus have been shown to have different levels of palatability to animals. (1) Differences in deer browsing also existed among the Ilex spp. Deer strongly preferred Japanese holly (40%browsed) and China girl holly (38%browsed). Less preferred were inkberry (5%),Chinese holly (1.7%), and American holly (0.03%). (2) Ilex glabra PALATABILITY: Inkberry, with its bitter fruit [98], is generally described as unpalatable [70,98]. Inkberry has been specifically identified as unpalatable for cattle [94,178]. (3) Holly (Ilex aquifolium) was reduced mainly by browsing and debarking by ponies and deer. High numbers of livestock (mainly ponies) with deer reduced holly and, where the canopy opened, helped restore herb-rich ground vegetation, aided by the continuity of grazed turf and refuges provided by Pteridium for grazing-sensitive plants. (4) Abstract: Evidence is presented which suggests that the spinescence of leaves of European holly, Ilex aquifolium, deters fe

(1) Conover, M.R. and G. S. Kania. 1988. Browsing Preference of White-Tailed Deer for Different Ornamental Species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(2) : 175-179. (2) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ilegla/all.html [21 Nov 2007] (3) Mountford, E. P. and G.F. Peterken. 2003. Long-term change and implications for the management of wood-pastures: Experience over 40 years from Denny Wood, New Forest. Forestry 76 (1) : 19-43. (4) Obeso, J. R. 1997. The induction of spinescence in European holly leaves by browsing ungulates. Plant Ecology 129 (2) : 149-156.

4.05

(1) Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. [no reports of toxicity for this species]

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007]

4.06

Don't know, but diseases associated with holly as follows (1) ILEX DISEASES
Tar spot may occasionally cause small yellow spots on the leaves in early summer. Eventually the spots turn reddish brown with narrow yellow borders. Leaves may not drop prematurely but the infected areas drop out leaving holes in the leaves. Gather up and destroy badly infected leaves.
Many different fungi cause leaf spots on holly. Reduce the injury caused by leaf spots by keeping trees healthy. Should a leaf spot become serious identify the causal fungus before spraying. Dispose of diseased leaves.
Cankers caused by several different fungi lead to sunken areas on stems and plant dieback. Keep trees healthy and prune out infected branches.
Spine spot is small gray spots with purple margins and is caused by spines of one leaf puncturing an adjacent leaf.
Chlorosis symptoms are light green or yellowish leaves with darker green veins. This problem is due to a high pH leading to iron deficiency. Use acidifying fertilizers and c

(1) http://www.oldhouseweb.com/gardening/garden/01700504.shtml [21 Nov 2007]

4.07

(1) Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. [reference is for genus; no evidence of any human poisionings caused by Ilex dimorphophylla] (2)No poisonous berries

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007] (2)http://mulberrycreek.com/Detailed/539.html

4.08

Don't know, but flammability of other Ilex spp. As follows (1) Palmetto (Serenoa repens), gallberry (Ilex glabra), rusty lyonia (Lyonia ferruginea) and American holly (Ilex opaca) were the most flammable species studied. (2) High Flammability: These plants have been shown to be highly flammable and should not be planted or allowed to remain inside your house’s Building Protection Zone. They should also be avoided in the Fuel Modified Zone. Move these plants away from your house and replace them with less flammable plants. [Brochure put out by government of Tasmania. List includes Ilex aquifolium]

(1) http://www.interfacesouth.org/products/research/
flam_natural_veg_and_home_landscapes.html [21 Nov 2007]
(2) http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/mysite/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf [21 Nov 2007]

4.09

(1) Sun Exposure: Full Sun Sun to Partial Shade (2) Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun. (3) Grows best in full sun and warm locations; it becomes loose-limbed and attenuated if kept in the shade, but will grow well indoors if placed near a sunlit door or window.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/102067/ [20 Nov 2007] (2) http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/I/Ilex_dimorphophylla.asp [20 Nov 2007] (3) Clay, H.F. and J. C. Hubbard. 1977. The Hawai`i Garden: Tropical Shrubs. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

4.10

(1) These shrubs favour a soft and deep, but well drained soil. (2) It thrives in most soils but needs a warm situation and protection in cold winters.

(1) http://www.gardening.eu/plants/Shrubs/Ilex-dimorphophylla/2961/ [21 Nov 2007] (2) http://bluebellnursery.com/cgi-bin/catalogue.cgi?cat=t&genus=Ilex&initial=I [21 Nov 2007]

4.11

(1) Evergreen shrubs, to 2--4 m tall.

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

4.12

No evidence of thickets

5.01

(1) Evergreen shrubs, to 2--4 m tall.

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

5.02

(1) Aquifoliaceae

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

5.03

(1) Non-leguminous nitrogen-fixing plants.
Although by far the majority of nitrogen-fixing plants are in the legume family Fabaceae, there are a few non-leguminous plants that can also fix nitrogen. These plants, referred to as actinorhizal plants, consist of 22 genera of woody shrubs or trees scattered in 8 plant families. The ability to fix nitrogen is not universally present in these families. For instance, of 122 genera in the Rosaceae, only 4 genera are capable of fixing nitrogen.
Family: Genera
Betulaceae: Alnus
Casuarinaceae:
Allocasuarina
Casuarina
Gymnostoma
Coriariaceae: Coriaria
Datiscaceae: Datisca
Elaeagnaceae:
Elaeagnus
Hippophae
Shepherdia
Myricaceae:
Morella arborea
Myrica
Comptonia
Rhamnaceae:
Ceanothus
Colletia
Discaria
Kentrothamnus
Retanilla
Trevoa
Rosaceae:
Cercocarpus
Chamaebatia
Purshia
Dryas

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation [21 Nov 2007]

5.04

(1) No evidence

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

6.01

(1) No evidence

(1) Setoguchi, H. and I. Watanabe. 2000. Intersectional gene flow between insular endemics of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) on the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. American Journal of Botany 87(6): 793–810.

6.02

(1) Propagation: Seed, cuttings, and air-layering are all possible for deciduous varieties. Evergren varieties are best propigated through cuttings. Germination from seed requires cold pre- treatment, and seed can take up to three years before sprouting.

(1) http://www.bonsaiweb.com/care/faq/ilex.html [21 Nov 2007]

6.03

(1) Ilex dimorphophylla (section Ilex) is endemic to Amamioshima Island, and I. maximowicziana (section Polyphyllae) is endemic to Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island (see Fig. 1). Although the distance between Amamioshima Island and the Ishigaki–Iriomote Islands is over 500 km, our gene flow findings suggest that both species hybridized in the past.

(1) Setoguchi, H. and I. Watanabe. 2000. Intersectional gene flow between insular endemics of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) on the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. American Journal of Botany 87(6): 793–810.

6.04

(1) Both male and female plants are needed for growth of berries. (2) They are mostly dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, with some exceptions.

(1) http://www.celestialbonsai.com/descriptions.html [21 Nov 2007] (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007]

6.05

(1) Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects.

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007]

6.06

a shrub that doesn't spread laterally

6.07

(1) Ilex dimorphophylla (Okinawan Holly) S\PS\M\28ø\B Tender subtropical evergreen Holly with very shiny deep green foliage with spines. Slow growing to about 3 feet. Makes thick stems useful for bonsai. Protect from freezing. Our one gallon size plants are cutting grown and at least six years old. (2)Grows 1 to 2 inches a year

(1) http://www.evergreengardenworks.com/ginkgo.htm [21 Nov 2007] (2)http://mulberrycreek.com/Detailed/539.html

7.01

No mechanisms for unitentional dispersal.

7.02

Ornamental plant

7.03

Not grown with produce.

7.04

(1) Fruits globose, ca. 6 mm long, red at maturity; pedicel ca. 5 mm long.

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

7.05

(1) Fruits globose, ca. 6 mm long, red at maturity; pedicel ca. 5 mm long.

(1) http://foj.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gbif/foj/ [21 Nov 2007]

7.06

(1) Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals.

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007]

7.07

No structures for external dispersal.

7.08

(1) Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals.

(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly [21 Nov 2007]

8.01

one to ten seeds per berry [genus trait]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly

8.02

seed requires cold pre- treatment, and seed can take up to three years before sprouting. [genus character]

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/holly.html

8.03

Don't know

8.04

"Cut back new shoots to the one or two nodes closest to the trunk. Branches can be very brittle, so shaping is best done by pruning rather than wiring. If wiring must be done, it is best to wire in spring-summer, taking care to protect the bark. "

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/holly.html

8.05

Don't know.