Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Falcataria moluccana [synonym: Albizia falcataria and Paraserianthus falcataria] (common name: peacocks plume)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Naturalized in Hawaii. (2)A problem plant in Hawai‘i. Extensively naturalized on Tutuila, American Samoa. Planted in Micronesia. Some naturalization noted on Yap, Pohnpei and Palau, a few trees on Kosrae. Doesn’t seem to spread rapidly, but it has the ability to spread gradually through native forest ecosystems.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/famol.htm

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

It is native to the Moluccas, Papua New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands from 10° South to 30° North. P. falcataria probably originated in the East Malesian region and is widely planted in the tropics.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

Approximate limits north to south: 30°N to 10°S (2)It grows from sea level to 1,500 m elevation but is most common in mesic, lowland areas.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/par_fal.htm

2.04

A problem plant in Hawai‘i. Extensively naturalized on Tutuila, American Samoa. Planted in Micronesia. Some naturalization noted on Yap, Pohnpei and Palau, a few trees on Kosrae. Doesn’t seem to spread rapidly, but it has the ability to spread gradually through native forest ecosystems.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/famol.htm

2.05

The species has been introduced to many countries.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

A problem plant in Hawai‘i. Extensively naturalized on Tutuila, American Samoa. Planted in Micronesia. Some naturalization noted on Yap, Pohnpei and Palau, a few trees on Kosrae. Doesn’t seem to spread rapidly, but it has the ability to spread gradually through native forest ecosystems.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/famol.htm

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

(1)A nitrogen fixer that may stimulate the growth of non-natives (2)List of Alien Invasive Species of Plants Introduced in Bangladesh (3)In the past the Ministry of Environment through the Forestry Section has implemented a project to eradicate Albizia because it was believed that Albizia was impacted on the water resources. [SEYCHELLES] (4)Paraserianthes falcataria was introduced to the Seychelles in the 1930s. It is presently widely distributed and is regarded as one of the main threats for the native flora.

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2003. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.. College of Tropical Agriculture (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:fh2JH0xfS-UJ:www.biodiversityasia.org/books/alien/Chapter%25201.pdf+Albizia+falcataria+invasive&hl=en (3)http://www.pps.gov.sc/enviro/html/alien_invasive_species__plants.html (4)http://www.geobot.umnw.ethz.ch/publications/periodicals/download/68_105_Summaries2001.pdf

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

Frequently browsed by deer

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Albizia_falcataria.html

4.05

The leaves of P. falcataria are used as feed for chicken and goats and green manure. The pods are also used as substitutes for Parkia speciosa and are edible

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.06

(1)Insect pests:
Bruchidius bilineatopygus
Indarbela quadrinotata
Pteroma plagiophleps
Zeuzera coffeae
Fungus diseases:
Colletotrichum capsici
Corticium salmonicolor
Ganoderma philippii
Undetermined pests:
Xystrocera festiva
(2)Lists 7 fungi to be found on this species. (3)None of importance reported

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (3)http://www.peoplink.org/gospelhouse/gh/albezia.htm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

It is not susceptible to control by fire because the trees are rarely subjected to fires of sufficient intensity. [No other information regarding fire ecology.]

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/par_fal.htm

4.09

P. falcataria is a strongly light demanding species. 2)Strongly light demanding.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2)http://www.peoplink.org/gospelhouse/gh/albezia.htm

4.1

Tree seems to thrive on many soils, alluvial soils, laterites, sandy mining soil, and white sands

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Albizia_falcataria.html

4.11

It is not a vine. No evidence of smothering habit.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

5.02

5.03

Large tree with ability to fix nitrogen.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Germinates in 2 – 5 days.

http://www.peoplink.org/gospelhouse/gh/albezia.htm

6.03

No information.

6.04

No information.

6.05

Probably not. Flowers 1 cm across, white in panicle. This flower morphology does not suggest pollination by speclized vectors.

6.06

No evidence.

6.07

No information.

7.01

Seeds are relatively big (5-7 mm X 2.5-3.5 mm) and do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

frequently planted in home gardens for fuelwood and timber, Falcataria also is grown as an ornamental, although it seldom lives more than 50 years

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/P_falcataria_bckup.html

7.03

Seeds are relatively big (5-7 mm X 2.5-3.5 mm).

7.04

This pioneer, light-requiring tree produces abundant seeds in lightweight pods blown by winds.

http://www.peoplink.org/gospelhouse/gh/albezia.htm

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

No information.

8.01

Pods 9-12 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm wide. Seeds transversely arranged, ellipsoidal, 5-7 mm long and 2.5-3.5 mm wide.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

8.02

Can be treated with sulfuric acid to improve germination (Probably yes, since it is a legume and produces hard coated seeds).

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/P_falcataria_bckup.html

8.03

"falcataria is very susceptible to herbicides". [No further information regarding its control through herbicides].

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/P_falcataria_bckup.html

8.04

regenerate rapidly; suited for coppicing 2) regenerates from cut stumps

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2)http://www.uneco.org/hawaiianmahogany2.html

8.05

Don't know.