Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth.; Argyle apple, silver dollar gum

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1) List of countries with natural populations: Australia(New South Wales; Victoria)
(2) p.395 "34.5-35.5 degree S" in latitude
(3) "Argyle apple has a discontinuous distribution from Bathurist in the central part of New South Wales's western slope, through the southern tablelands to eastern Victoria."

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp.
(3) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range 8B to 11 (2)Shallow, relatively infertile soil, Grassy or sclerophyll woodland, Slopes Valley bottoms & flatlands [native habitat] (3)withstands stands salt (4)frost tolerant

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)www.anbg.gov.au/greening-grainbelt/harden-species-list.xls (3)http://www.worldplants.com/e.htm (4)http://www.molestationnursery.com/plantdb/complete.asp

2.04

(1) List of countries with natural populations: Australia(New South Wales; Victoria)
(2) p.395 "34.5-35.5 degree S" in latitude
(3) "Argyle apple has a discontinuous distribution from Bathurist in the central part of New South Wales's western slope, through the southern tablelands to eastern Victoria."

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp.
(3) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp.

2.05

(1) New Zealand, (2) California, (3) Spain, (4) Italy, (5) China, (6) South Africa (7)New Zealand.

(1) Shelbourne, C. J. A.; Bulloch, B. T.; Low, C. B.; McConnochie, R. M. (2002) Performance to age 22 years of 49 eucalypts in the Wairarapa District, New Zealand, and review of results from other trials. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 2002, Vol.32, No.2, pp.256-278, 12 ref.
(2) Brennan, E. B.; Hrusa, G. F.; Weinbaum, S. A.; Levison, W., Jr. (2001) Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 2001, Vol.77, No.4, pp.249-253, 19 ref.
(3) Cordero Rivera, A.; Santolamazza Carbone, S. (2000) The effect of three species of Eucalyptus on growth and fecundity of the Eucalyptus snout beetle (Gonipterus scutellatus ). Forestry (Oxford), 2000, Vol.73, No.1, pp.21-29, 25 ref.
(4) Rumine, P.; Bellandi, M. (1989) Eucalyptus for the production of cut green foliage. [FT: Eucalyptus per la produzione di fronda verde da recidere.] Colture Protette, 1989, Vol.18, No.5, pp.91-94, 11 ref.
(5) Chen, B. L.; Yang, J. T.

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

no description of these traits

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp.

4.02

no direct evidence p.126 "There is no strong scientific evidence that the euclypt competes directly with other species through chemical exudates. While it may be true that the euclypt forest will affect the chemistry and microbiology of the soil in some ways, this could be a long-term effect associated with the nature of the euclypt litter and its incorporation into the soil."

Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1) Tabulates data on the trypsin-inhibiting activity of various parts or organs of 79 species of plants. The species studied included some important trees, e.g. Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia, Eucalyptus cinerea and Fraxinus excelsior. Of these, only G. triancanthos (seeds) exhibited trypsin-inhibiting activity. [no trypsin-inhibiting activity ] (2)Chemical properties of Eucalyptus deter grazing (3)deer resistant

(1)Rudyuk, V. F.; Tkachenko, I. F.; Chernykh, N. A. (1975) Inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in plants. Rastitel'nye Resursy, 1975, Vol.11, No.2, pp.234-238, 9 ref. (2)http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW137

4.05

no evidence

4.06

[Ctenarytaina eucalypti is a recognized pest specialized on Eucalyptus species]
(1) AB: "In 1994, the psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti had been reported for the 1st time from southern France infesting eucalypts grown for cut foliage, especially Eucalyptus cinerea . "
(2) "The eucalyptus psyllid is narrowly host-specific, feeding only on a limited range of Eucalyptus species (Table 2). It causes particular problems on E. globulus and Eucalyptus pulverulenta which are widely grown in plantations."

(1) Malausa, J. C. (1998) Insects to the aid of eucalypts. [FT: Des insectes au secours des eucalyptus.] Biofutur, 1998, No.176, pp.34-37, 4 ref.
(2) http://pest.cabweb.org/PDF/BNI/bnira51.pdf

4.07

(1) "Danger: Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested" (2)Vapor inhaled for colds [no evidence of poisonings]

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/51537/ (2)http://www.galaxygardens.com/Gardencenter/herbs.htm

4.08

[characteristics of the genus] p.50 "The eucalypt forest has, deservedly, a reputation for its flammability under extreme weather condition."

Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

4.09

(1)Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)Full Sun, Often amongst the first plants to spring back after bushfire. [open habitats] (3)Sun

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/51537 (3)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_cinerea.htm

4.1

(1) "Occurring commonly along water courses or on flat to gently undulating country, and usually on infertile, sandy or shaly soils."
(2) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, drought tolerant
(3) Culture: Sun, acid soil, clay, clay/loam, loam, sand, sandy loam, 24" annual rainfall.

(1) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp.
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. Culture: Sun, acid soil, clay, clay/loam, loam, sand, sandy loam, 24" annual rainfall.
(3) http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_cinerea.htm

4.11

p.395 tree up to 15 m high

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"Occurring commonly along water courses or on flat to gently undulating country, and usually on infertile, sandy or shaly soils."

Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp.

5.02

no evidence

5.03

tree; Myrtaceae

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

germinate in 7 days

http://theseedsite.co.uk/list13.html

6.03

no evidence

6.04

p.193 "Pryor listed nine species (including E. cinerea) which were fully self-fertile"

Eldridge, K. et al. (1993) Eucalypt domestication and breeding Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 288 pp.

6.05

[visited by bees]

Loock, E. E. M. (1970) Eucalyptus species suitable for the production of honey. Bulletin, Department of Forestry, South Africa, 1970, No.46, 7 pp., 3 ref.

6.06

(1) AB: "This is a well protected position for a dormant bud (lignotuber), and possibly provides the seedling with an increased opportunity for refoliation following a severe defoliation event (such as fire). "
(2) p.150 "lignotuber seedlings can be very important in the regeneration of the eucalypt forest,..Indeed, the regeneration of many dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands may depend entirely on them."

(1) Graham, A.; Wallwork, M.; Sedgley, M. (1999) Eucalyptus cinerea : studies of its lignotuber. Australian Plants, 1999, Vol.20, No.158, pp.77-82
(2) Eldridge, K. et al. (1993) Eucalypt domestication and breeding Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 288 pp.

6.07

(1) "Argyle apple is normally slow-growing, but under cultivation can reach eight feet in 3 years" (2)moderate-growing [minimum estimate for slow-moderate growing tree; woody capsule take year to form]

(1)Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p. 138 (2)http://www.worldplants.com/e.htm

7.01

small seeds, but no evidence of unintentional introduction

7.02

"A native of New south Wales, this Eucalyptus grows best on the western coast of the U.S. and Arizona."

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

7.03

small seeds, but no evidence of unintentional introduction [foliage harvested from juvenile plants]

7.04

small-seeded euclypt "430 seeds per gram"

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_cinerea.htm

7.05

no evidence

7.06

fruit a woody capsule

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"430 seeds per gram" [probably yes, very small seeds]

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_cinerea.htm

8.02

(1) "Seed germinates easily with normal methods. "
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

(1) AB: " This is a well protected position for a dormant bud, and possibly provides the seedling with an increased opportunity for refoliation following a severe defoliation event (such as fire). "
(2) Trees can be pollarded each year to keep juvenile foliage on the tree at all times. (3)cut it back to the ground every two years

(1) Graham, A.; Wallwork, M.; Sedgley, M. (1999) Eucalyptus cinerea : studies of its lignotuber. Australian Plants, 1999, Vol.20, No.158, pp.77-82
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_cinerea.htm

8.05

no evidence