Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Coprosma repens (creeping mirrorplant)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Naturalized in Australia in various places along the coast. No other evidence of naturalization.

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. et al. 1972. Flora of the Sydney Region. A. H. and A. W. Reed.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

(1)Origin is coastal New Zealand.

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

2.02

2.03

1) USDA zones 9 and 10. USDA temperature zones 9a to 11a. 2)As far as hardiness goes, this variety can be a littletemperamental, it is preferable to plant this variety in a moist position. 3)Found in coastal situations

1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database. 2)http://gardenbed.com/source/19/1879_lan.asp 3)http://www.nzseeds.co.nz/seed_list/Coprosma_repens.html

2.04

(1)Origin is New Zealand. (2)Naturalized in coastal regions of Australia, Victoria. 3)NOT naturalized in Queensland

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database. (2)Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. et al. 1972. Flora of the Sydney Region. A. H. and A. W. Reed. 3)Stanley and Ross, Flora of S.E. Queensland, Queensland Dept of Primary Industries

2.05

Introduced in (1)Australia, (2)California, Hawai‘i

(1)http://members.iinet.net/~weeds/western_weeds/appendixb.htm (2)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199400172.html

3.01

Naturalized in Australia in various places along the coast. No other evidence of naturalization.

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. et al. 1972. Flora of the Sydney Region. A. H. and A. W. Reed.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

"significant" environmental weed of Victoria, Australia

Randall. 2001Garden thugs, a national list of invasive andpotentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.16(4) 2001

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

No information.

4.05

No evidence.

4.06

(1)This site lists 4 fungal species to occur on C. repens. (2)Generalist: Phytophthora drechsleri causes root rot of poinsettia and chrysanthemum and (3) Causes blight in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and (4)Causes root rot in sugar beet. (not grown in Pacific)

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Agriculture/bureaus/plant_industry/pests/disease/diseases/emerging.html (3)http://www.scisoc.org/resource/common/names/pigeon.htm (4)http://users.cwnet.com/hollylab/disease.rootdisease.html

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

hard to burn

http://www.bushfire.nsw.gov.au/communityfiresafety/fireguard03.htm

4.09

(1)It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. (2)Requires half sun. (3)prefers partial shade or partial sun 4)seeds germinate under light shade

(1)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens (2)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database. (3)http://www.hortpix.com/pc1196.htm 4)http://www.bushcare.tas.gov.au/care/wdspecies.htm#mirror

4.1

(1)Grows in sandy, clay and loam. (2)The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils. 3)This plant variety does not tolerate heavy clay soils

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens 3)http://gardenbed.com/source/19/1879_lan.asp

4.11

No evidence. Not a vine.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

An evergreen shrub.

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

No evidence regarding non-viability.

6.03

(1)Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus (2) 'This species (C. macrocarpa) often hybridizes with C. robusta and C. repens where the species grow together.

(1)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens (2)Smith-Dodsworth, J.C. 1991. New Zealand Native shrubs and climbers. David Bateman Ltd.

6.04

"The flowers are dioecious"

http://gardenbed.com/source/19/1879_flo.asp

6.05

Wind pollinated.

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens

6.06

No information regarding reproduction in the wild.

6.07

No information.

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

(1)The roasted seed is a coffee substitute. It is said to make an excellent coffee. (2)Valued for its extremely shiny leaves. For the above 2 reasons the species may be subject to intentional introduction.

(1)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens (2)http://www.geocities.com/~jimclatfelter/coprosma.html

7.03

Probably not. The orange fruit is about 10mm in diameter. ...though the seeds are rather small.

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens

7.04

No direct evidence. But since the fleshy drupes are much prized(1) by birds they are probably dispersed by birds.

http://www.123.co.nz/tiri/PFS_Taupata.htm

7.05

7.06

1)The berries are brightly coloured and much prized by the birds. 2)Birds eat the berries and later pass the seeds

1) http://www.123.co.nz/tiri/PFS_Taupata.htm 2)http://weeds.tassie.net.au//txts/mirror_bush.htm

7.07

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

Birds eat the berries and later pass the seeds

http://weeds.tassie.net.au//txts/mirror_bush.htm

8.01

The orange fruit is about 10mm in diameter. ...though the seeds are rather small. (2)Drupe is 6 to 8 mm long. No information on seed size. 3)2-4 seeds per fruit

(1)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Coprosma+repens (2)Poole, A.L. and Adams, N.M. 1990. Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand. DSIR Publishing. Wellington. 3)Wagner et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

8.02

No information.

8.03

Foliar spray, glyphosate, 10ml/L, Add a penetrant in accordance with the label

http://www.bushcare.tas.gov.au/care/wdspecies.htm#mirror

8.04

1)Intolerant to animal browsing. 2)it will withstand hard trimming

1)http://www.bush.org.nz/plant/fact/Coprosma_repens.html 2)http://www.conifers.co.nz/PLANTINFORMATION/shelter.html

8.05

Don’t know.