Barleria lupulina Lindl. Family - Acanthaceae. Common Names(s) -Hophead Phillipine violet, snake bush.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Mauritius, India.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6500 [Cited 2009 July 21].

2.02

(1) Native to: Mauritius; India.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6500 [Cited 2009 July 21].

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55520/ [Accessed 30 Dec 2009]

2.04

(1) Native to: Mauritius; India.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?6500 [Cited 2009 July 21].

2.05

(1) Barleria lupulina is farmed and used as a medicinal plant in Vietnam. (2) The Ban Chad Community, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand uses Barleria lupulina as a medicinal herb. (3) Barleria lupulina was introduced to St.Vincent and the adjacent islets.

(1) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6906E/x6906e0d.htm [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/1504/attach/ir98-3-14.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21]. (3) Kew. 1893. Flora of St. Vincent and Adjacent Islets. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) 231-296.

3.01

(1) Barleria lupulina is naturalized in Queensland, Australia. It is considered a high priority for control in Cook Shire. One infestation was treated at an old mine site.

(1) http://www.cook.qld.gov.au/council/publications/COOKSC-Pest%20Management%20Plan.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

3.02

(1) Self-seeds, deadhead if you don't want seedlings next year. (2) Barleria lupulina has been treated at a site in Brookfield, Australia. It is considered a potentially serious weed. (3)Another species of weedy, yellow-flowering barleria is also found in Australia. This is Barleria lupulina, commonly known as hophead or Philippine violet. It may be distinguished from Barleria prionitis because it has longer, narrower leaves which are darker green with a prominent red mid-vein. It is a weed in Hawaii, Florida, Timor, Papua (Irian Jaya) and Christmas Island, and has been more widely cultivated in northern Queensland (eg Cairns, Cooktown) than Barleria prionitis. Although less is known about Barleria lupulina, it should also be considered as a serious threat to northern Australia, and should not be regarded as a suitable replacement for Barleria prionitis.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55520/ [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://www.theca.asn.au/newsletter/v5p1.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21]. (3) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/wmg_barleria.pdf [Accessed 30 Dec 2009]

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence of control.

3.05

(1) Barleria prionitis is an environmental weed in Australia. It forms dense thickets that displace native vegetation and prevent revegetation by native plants. Physical and chemical control have been successful in treating infestations.

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/b-prionitis.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.01

(1) Slender, paired spines at each leaf axil.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) A tincture of Barleria lupulina is given to dogs for snakebite in Trinidad. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in TOXNET.

(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/1/10/ [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 21]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) The fresh leaves are used as a paste or poultice for skin rashes and irritations in AIDS affected people at Mae Chan hospital. (2) Barleria lupulina is well known in Thai folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, and is used against snakebites and varicella zoster virus lesions and showed activity against five clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 2. (3) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (4) No evidence of toxicity in TOXNET.

(1) http://www.hivmobilitysea.org/e-library/documents/IndegenousSouthEastAsianHerbalRemedies.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/1/10 [Cited 2009 July 21]. (3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 21]. (4) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun to part shade. (2) Sun or shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55520/ [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=2YeYo0p_4zUC&pg=PA37&dq=Barleria+lupulina [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.10

(1) Soil pH tolerances: 6.1-8.5 (2) Tolerant of infertile, skeletal soils.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55520/ [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://www.theca.asn.au/newsletter/v5p1.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

4.11

(1) Shrub.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1) Formed thickets over 0.5 hectares in Brookfield, Australia.

(1) http://www.theca.asn.au/newsletter/v5p1.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

5.01

(1) Shrub.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Acanthaceae

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Acanthaceae. Doesn't fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 July 21].

5.04

(1) Shrub.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Self-seeds, deadhead if you don't want seedlings next year.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55520/ [Cited 2009 July 21].

6.03

Unknown. (1) Hawkmoths are predicted as pollinators for Barleria greenii, nothing further is known about the floral biology and pollination of the species in this genus.

(1) http://witsetd.wits.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1823/4/03Chapter3.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

6.04

Unknown. (1) Hawkmoths are predicted as pollinators for Barleria greenii, nothing further is known about the floral biology and pollination of the species in this genus.

(1) http://witsetd.wits.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1823/4/03Chapter3.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

6.05

Unknown. (1) Hawkmoths are predicted as pollinators for Barleria greenii, nothing further is known about the floral biology and pollination of the species in this genus.

(1) http://witsetd.wits.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1823/4/03Chapter3.pdf [Cited 2009 July 21].

6.06

(1) Propagation is by seed or cuttings.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=iVddBcXcJ7gC&pg=PA91&dq=Barleria+lupulina&lr= [Cited 2009 July 21].

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)"Seed is spread short distances when capsules rupture and by water. Spread by humans as ornamental plantings and in discarded garden refuse"

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia - a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Inc.

7.02

(1) Top Tropicals has Barleria lupulina for sale. (2) Le Jardin Naturel has Barleria lupulina for sale.

(1) http://www.toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/store/store.cgi?alphabetic_list=1&letter=b [Cited 2009 July 21]. (2) http://www.baobabs.com/nbga_IN.htm [Cited 2009 July 21].

7.03

Not likely

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Acanthaceae have explosive capsules, armed with hook like structures that propel the seeds out of the capsule. Seeds of the genus Barleria have unusual hairs that swell when wetted, becoming slimy, mucilaginous, and sticky.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1)"Seed is spread short distances when capsules rupture and by water. Spread by humans as ornamental plantings and in discarded garden refuse"

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia - a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Inc.

7.06

(1) Acanthaceae have explosive capsules, armed with hook like structures that propel the seeds out of the capsule. Seeds of the genus Barleria have unusual hairs that swell when wetted, becoming slimy, mucilaginous, and sticky.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.07

(1) Acanthaceae have explosive capsules, armed with hook like structures that propel the seeds out of the capsule. Seeds of the genus Barleria have unusual hairs that swell when wetted, becoming slimy, mucilaginous, and sticky.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.08

(1) Acanthaceae have explosive capsules, armed with hook like structures that propel the seeds out of the capsule. Seeds of the genus Barleria have unusual hairs that swell when wetted, becoming slimy, mucilaginous, and sticky.

(1) Staples, G.S., Herbst., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.01

(1) Seeds profusely.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=2YeYo0p_4zUC&pg=PA37&dq=Barleria+lupulina [Cited 2009 July 21]

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown