Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ardisia crenata

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

no cultivar reported

1.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

base on its native range in South Asia

2.02

2.03

Lee AeKyung; Suh JeungKeun; Roh, M. S. Propagation of Ardisia species native to Korea by seeds or by rooting of stem tip cuttings. Acta Horticulturae, 2000, No.541, pp.135-145, 10 ref

distribute to tropical and temperate region

2.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

based on its native range in South Asia

2.05

USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Appear in Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii

3.01

1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932 2)www.fleppc.org

1)Hawai‘i 2)Florida

3.02

3.03

3.04

http://www.hear.org/pier/arcre.htm; http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=91

On list of plants to be excluded from French Polynesia.Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 1999 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species: Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

3.05

http://plants.usda.gov/

A. elliptica was listed as noxious weed in 35 states

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

4.04

4.05

Neal, JW Jr; Davis, JC; Bentz, JA; Warthen, JD Jr; Griesbach, RJ; Santamour, FS Jr, Allelochemical activity in Ardisia species (Myrsinaceae) against selected arthropods.Journal of economic entomology. June 1998. v. 91 (3) p. 608-617

although toxic to insect, not known to economic animals

4.06

Fu ChuenHsu; Chang TunTschu.1999 Foot rot of Ardisia crenata caused by Fusarium solani. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 1999, Vol.14, No.2, pp.223-227, 5 ref; Kim-Wan-Gyu {a}; Cha-Yeong-Sun; Cho-Won-Dae {a}; Lee-Young-Hee {a} 1993. Occurrence of anthracnose on six kinds of ornamental plants caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. RDA-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science-Crop-Protection. 1993; 35 (2) 327-330..

Both are common pathogen of wide distribution, exist locally

4.07

no evidence

4.08

KHC personal observation

understory small shrub, unlikely to be able to cause fire hazard

4.09

Lee AeKyung; Suh JeungKeun; Roh, M. S. Propagation of Ardisia species native to Korea by seeds or by rooting of stem tip cuttings. Acta Horticulturae, 2000, No.541, pp.135-145, 10 ref

abstract

4.1

http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=26058

Sandy Loam to Clay Loam

4.11

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

small shrub

4.12

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

small shrub grow under shade

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Lee AeKyung; Suh JeungKeun; Roh, M. S. Propagation of Ardisia species native to Korea by seeds or by rooting of stem tip cuttings. Acta Horticulturae, 2000, No.541, pp.135-145, 10 ref

6.03

6.04

6.05

based on floral morphology

6.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

no evidence

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

usually grow in forest

7.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

cultivated

7.03

rarely seen in agriculture field

7.04

7.05

7.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

with dark red drup

7.07

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

no attaching structure known

7.08

bird dispersed

8.01

HCK personal observation (one seed/fruit)

8.02

8.03

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence