Araucaria heterophylla risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Araucaria heterophylla

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -5

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Araucaria heterophylla; Araucaria excelsa, Norfolk Island pine		Answer
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated?	y=-3, n=0	n
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?	y=-1, n=-1	n
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?	y=-1, n=-1	n
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	See Append 2	1
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2		1
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	y=1, n=0	n
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y=1, n=0	n
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	?=-1, n=0	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05		n
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	y=1, n=0	n
4.02	Allelopathic	y=1, n=0	n
4.03	Parasitic	y=1, n=0	n
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals	y=1, n=-1
4.05	Toxic to animals	y=1, n=0	n
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	y=1, n=0
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	y=1, n=0	n
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	y=1, n=0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle	y=1, n=0	y
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	y=1, n=0	y
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	y=1, n=0	n
4.12	Forms dense thickets	y=1, n=0	n
5.01	Aquatic	y=5, n=0	n
5.02	Grass	y=1, n=0	n
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	y=1, n=0	n
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	y=1, n=0	n
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	y=1, n=0	n
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y=1, n=-1	y
6.03	Hybridizes naturally	y=1, n=-1
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	y=1, n=-1	n
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	y=-1, n=0	n
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	y=1, n=-1	n
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	See left	15
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y=1, n=-1	y
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	y=1, n=-1	n
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	y=1, n=-1	y
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	y=1, n=-1	n
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	y=1, n=-1
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	y=1, n=-1
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	y=1, n=-1	n
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)	y=1, n=-1	n
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides	y=-1, n=1
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire	y=1, n=-1	y
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)	y=-1, n=1
	Total score:		-5

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand IV. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch

Known from Motukiki Island and Raoul Island in New Zealand, regenerating from planted trees

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm

List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: Norfolk Island

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083 (3)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

(1)List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: Norfolk Island (2)Hardiness: USDA Zones 10 - 11. (3)Endemic to lowland areas of Norfolk Island

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Oceania: Norfolk Island

2.05

(1) Francis, J. K. (1988) Araucariaceae in Puerto Rico. Turrialba, 1988, Vol.38, No.3, pp.202-207, 16 ref.
(2) Moodie, E. G.; Stewart, R. S.; Bowen, S. E. (1986) The impact of surfactants on Norfolk Island pines along Sydney coastal beaches since 1973. Environmental Pollution, A, 1986, Vol.41, No.2, pp.153-164, 13 ref.
(3) Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.40 (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm

(1) Puerto Rico (2) Australia (3) Hawaii (4)Today the Norfolk Island Pine's unique beauty is seen in tropical and sub-tropical landscapes all over the world.

3.01

Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand IV. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch

Known from Motukiki Island and Raoul Island in New Zealand, regenerating from planted trees

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Hamon, A. B. (1985) Oceanaspidiotus araucariae (Adachi and Fullaway) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1985, No.276, 2 pp., 5 ref.

AB: Notes are given on the morphology, distribution, economic importance and control of Oceanaspidiotus araucariae, a diaspidid recently introduced into Florida with seedlings of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla ) imported from Hawaii. Control procedures to eliminate known infestations in Florida are in progress, but no specific insecticide can yet be recommended. [this is probably A. columnaris, a mis-identification since many in Hawaii had been calling A. columnaris as A. heterophylla]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.growinglifestyle.com/article/s0/a3915.html

Probably not - an evergreen tree, but accumulates ground litter which may be flammable.

4.09

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083 (4)http://www.seedlings.com/seeds/trees/pines/pine_australian_2.shtml (5)http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/norfolk.htm

(1)" Fertile, moist, but well-drained soils in sunny but protected places are prefered, but it does best when grown in the shade when young." (2)Will tolerate shade but the leaves will droop - the deeper the shade, the droopier the leaves (3)Light requirement: full sun (4)Prefers sunlight when very mature. Shady for 10 years or less. (5)able to tolerate relatively low light levels, seedlings can survive for years in the low light understory

4.1

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083

(1)"Culture: varied soils" (2)Norfolk Island pine is not particular about soil and tolerates even very acid soils as well as salty situations at beach side. (3)Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; alkaline; acidic; well-drained

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63

"tree, to 25m high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Araucariaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

Young trees have an almost symmetrical form for the first 40 years or so. Female cones are produced on trees older than 15 years and male cones on trees older than 40 years. Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years]

6.02

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22

"Propagation: Seeds or cuttings of erect shoot tips only."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63

"dioecious "

6.05

http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/index.html

A. heterophylla has a stoma-free furrow which directs pollen grains onto a thin flange on the tip of the ovuliferous scale. [wind]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

Young trees have an almost symmetrical form for the first 40 years or so. Female cones are produced on trees older than 15 years and male cones on trees older than 40 years. Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22

Landscape uses: User as a land scape speimen or urn subject. Commonly grown as an interior plant and as a Chrismas tree."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

(1)Female cone ovoid, 10-13 cm long, composed of tightly overlapping scales with recurved acuminate tips. Seeds bone beneath and attached to the cone scale. [scales ] (2)Seeds 2.5-3 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, with broad wings.

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

(1 ) 'Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years] and the seeds are a popular food source for the Green Parrot and introduced rats.'

7.07

no evidence

7.08

(1)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm

(1 ) 'Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years] and the seeds are a popular food source for the Green Parrot and introduced rats.'

8.01

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm (3)Little et al 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. US Dept of Agriculture. Washington, DC

Female cone ovoid, 10-13 cm long, composed of tightly overlapping scales with recurved acuminate tips. Seeds borne beneath and attached to the cone scale. [large fruit and seeds] (2)Seeds 2.5-3 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, with broad wings. (3)One seed per cone

8.02

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108

rapid growth from seed; no pretreatment

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/arau_het.cfm

Tall specimens are often damaged in hurricanes and high winds. Trees will recover - cut them back to the ground to force new undamaged suckers to form.

8.05

Hamon, A. B. (1985) Oceanaspidiotus araucariae (Adachi and Fullaway) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1985, No.276, 2 pp., 5 ref.

AB: Notes are given on the morphology, distribution, economic importance and control of Oceanaspidiotus araucariae, a diaspidid recently introduced into Florida with seedlings of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla ) imported from Hawaii. Control procedures to eliminate known infestations in Florida are in progress, but no specific insecticide can yet be recommended.

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This page updated 30 September 2005

	Source	Notes
1.01		no evidence
1.02	Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand IV. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch	Known from Motukiki Island and Raoul Island in New Zealand, regenerating from planted trees
1.03		no evidence
2.01	CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm	List of countries with natural populations Oceania: Norfolk Island
2.02
2.03	(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083 (3)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	(1)List of countries with natural populations Oceania: Norfolk Island (2)Hardiness: USDA Zones 10 - 11. (3)Endemic to lowland areas of Norfolk Island
2.04	CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.	List of countries with natural populations Oceania: Norfolk Island
2.05	(1) Francis, J. K. (1988) Araucariaceae in Puerto Rico. Turrialba, 1988, Vol.38, No.3, pp.202-207, 16 ref. (2) Moodie, E. G.; Stewart, R. S.; Bowen, S. E. (1986) The impact of surfactants on Norfolk Island pines along Sydney coastal beaches since 1973. Environmental Pollution, A, 1986, Vol.41, No.2, pp.153-164, 13 ref. (3) Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.40 (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm	(1) Puerto Rico (2) Australia (3) Hawaii (4)Today the Norfolk Island Pine's unique beauty is seen in tropical and sub-tropical landscapes all over the world.
3.01	Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand IV. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch	Known from Motukiki Island and Raoul Island in New Zealand, regenerating from planted trees
3.02		no evidence
3.03		no evidence
3.04		no evidence
3.05		no evidence
4.01	Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22	no description of these traits
4.02		no evidence
4.03		no evidence
4.04		no evidence
4.05		no evidence
4.06	Hamon, A. B. (1985) Oceanaspidiotus araucariae (Adachi and Fullaway) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1985, No.276, 2 pp., 5 ref.	AB: Notes are given on the morphology, distribution, economic importance and control of Oceanaspidiotus araucariae, a diaspidid recently introduced into Florida with seedlings of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla ) imported from Hawaii. Control procedures to eliminate known infestations in Florida are in progress, but no specific insecticide can yet be recommended. [this is probably A. columnaris, a mis-identification since many in Hawaii had been calling A. columnaris as A. heterophylla]
4.07		no evidence
4.08	http://www.growinglifestyle.com/article/s0/a3915.html	Probably not - an evergreen tree, but accumulates ground litter which may be flammable.
4.09	(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083 (4)http://www.seedlings.com/seeds/trees/pines/pine_australian_2.shtml (5)http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/norfolk.htm	(1)" Fertile, moist, but well-drained soils in sunny but protected places are prefered, but it does best when grown in the shade when young." (2)Will tolerate shade but the leaves will droop - the deeper the shade, the droopier the leaves (3)Light requirement: full sun (4)Prefers sunlight when very mature. Shady for 10 years or less. (5)able to tolerate relatively low light levels, seedlings can survive for years in the low light understory
4.1	(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/a/arau_het.cfm (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST083	(1)"Culture: varied soils" (2)Norfolk Island pine is not particular about soil and tolerates even very acid soils as well as salty situations at beach side. (3)Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; alkaline; acidic; well-drained
4.11	Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63	"tree, to 25m high"
4.12		no evidence
5.01		terrestrial
5.02		tree; Araucariaceae
5.03		no evidence
5.04		tree
6.01	http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	Young trees have an almost symmetrical form for the first 40 years or so. Female cones are produced on trees older than 15 years and male cones on trees older than 40 years. Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years]
6.02	Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22	"Propagation: Seeds or cuttings of erect shoot tips only."
6.03		no evidence
6.04	Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63	"dioecious "
6.05	http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/index.html	A. heterophylla has a stoma-free furrow which directs pollen grains onto a thin flange on the tip of the ovuliferous scale. [wind]
6.06		no evidence
6.07	http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	Young trees have an almost symmetrical form for the first 40 years or so. Female cones are produced on trees older than 15 years and male cones on trees older than 40 years. Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years]
7.01		no evidence
7.02	Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.22	Landscape uses: User as a land scape speimen or urn subject. Commonly grown as an interior plant and as a Chrismas tree."
7.03		no evidence
7.04	(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	(1)Female cone ovoid, 10-13 cm long, composed of tightly overlapping scales with recurved acuminate tips. Seeds bone beneath and attached to the cone scale. [scales ] (2)Seeds 2.5-3 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, with broad wings.
7.05		no evidence
7.06	(1)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	(1 ) 'Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years] and the seeds are a popular food source for the Green Parrot and introduced rats.'
7.07		no evidence
7.08	(1)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm	(1 ) 'Prolific seed fall occurs every 4-5 [years] and the seeds are a popular food source for the Green Parrot and introduced rats.'
8.01	(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.63 (2)http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/ar/ar/heterophylla.htm (3)Little et al 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. US Dept of Agriculture. Washington, DC	Female cone ovoid, 10-13 cm long, composed of tightly overlapping scales with recurved acuminate tips. Seeds borne beneath and attached to the cone scale. [large fruit and seeds] (2)Seeds 2.5-3 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, with broad wings. (3)One seed per cone
8.02	http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108	rapid growth from seed; no pretreatment
8.03		no evidence
8.04	http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/arau_het.cfm	Tall specimens are often damaged in hurricanes and high winds. Trees will recover - cut them back to the ground to force new undamaged suckers to form.
8.05	Hamon, A. B. (1985) Oceanaspidiotus araucariae (Adachi and Fullaway) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1985, No.276, 2 pp., 5 ref.	AB: Notes are given on the morphology, distribution, economic importance and control of Oceanaspidiotus araucariae, a diaspidid recently introduced into Florida with seedlings of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla ) imported from Hawaii. Control procedures to eliminate known infestations in Florida are in progress, but no specific insecticide can yet be recommended.