Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Abelia × grandiflora (André) Rehd. [A. chinensis × A. uniflora]; Abelia grandiflora, glossy abelia

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-13

Notes

Source

1.01

Distributional range: only cultivated [an artificial hybrid only known in cultivation]

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Abelia+grandiflora+ (20 May 2004)

1.02

Distributional range: only cultivated

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Abelia+grandiflora+ (20 May 2004)

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)Hardiness Range 5B to 9A (2)Range/Origin: China

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Abelia_grandiflora.html

2.02

2.03

Hardiness Range 5B to 9A

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

2.04

Hardiness Range 5B to 9A

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

2.05

(1) Australia; (2) Florida, North Carolina; (3) New Zealand, (4) Japan

(1) Taylor's Nursery Inc. (2003) Variety: 'Sunny'. Application no. 2002/032. Plant Varieties Journal, 2003, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 18-19
(2) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
(3) Ripphausen, F. E. (1990) Effect of cutting size on root formation of Abelia, Leucadendron, Boronia, and Metrosideros. Combined Proceedings - International Plant Propagators' Society, 1990, publ. 1991, Vol. 40, pp. 366-367
(4) Sakuratani, Y. Tanaka, T. Sugimoto, T. (1987) Insect pests of the glossy abelia, Abelia grandiflora Rehd., in the Kinki District. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 1987, No. 20, pp. 25-31, 13 ref.

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1)Palatable Browse Animal: Low (2)Deer resistant.

(1)USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (2)http://www.austinsage.com/encyclop/abelia/AbelGran.htm

4.05

Livestock poison no

http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/AA/Abelia%20grandiflora.htm

4.06

no evidence

4.07

This plant is considered mostly allergy free and causes little or no allergy problems in most people.

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1) Glossy Abelia enjoys fairly rich, moist but well-drained soil in a full sun or lightly shaded location and has good drought-tolerance. Plants become thin and unattractive in the shade and do not flower.
(2) Shade Tolerance: Tolerant (3)Exposure: full sun or shade, not in reflected heat

(2) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (3)http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Abelia_grandiflora.html

4.1

(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant
(2) Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes; Adapted to Fine Textured Soils: No; Adapted to Medium Textured Soils: yes (3)Optimal soil texture- Various, Acceptable soil pH -Various

(2) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (3)http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/AA/Abelia%20grandiflora.htm

4.11

Often a spreading, dense, rounded, multi-stemmed shrub with arching branches

http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm

4.12

no evidence [not naturually, only if planted as a hedge]

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Caprifoliaceae

5.03

shrub; Caprifoliaceae

5.04

shrub

6.01

Distributional range: only cultivated [a artificial hybrid only known in cultivation]

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Abelia+grandiflora+ (20 May 2004)

6.02

(1) Propagated by Seed: No
(2) FRUIT: One-seeded, leathery achene with no ornamental value; have never seen a stray seedling and suspect the plant may be essentially sterile; in fact, I have not observed a single fruit.

(1) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
(2) http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm

6.03

Abelia `Edward Goucher', a hybrid between Abelia x grandiflora and Abelia schumannii, has abundant lavender-pink flowers and showy red calyces, reaches 5 feet, and is best used in USDA hardiness zone 6. [artificial hynridization is possible]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

6.04

(1) Propagated by Seed: No
(2) FRUIT: One-seeded, leathery achene with no ornamental value; have never seen a stray seedling and suspect the plant may be essentially sterile; in fact, I have not observed a single fruit.

(1) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
(2) http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm

6.05

sterile hybrid

6.06

"in the North is often killed back to ground or snow line and quickly grows back into a rather dense small shrub" [ability to resprout from underground parts but no spread]

http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm

6.07

sterile hybrid

7.01

sterile hybrid

7.02

Distributional range: only cultivated [a artificial hybrid only known in cultivation]

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Abelia+grandiflora+ (20 May 2004)

7.03

sterile hybrid

7.04

sterile hybrid

7.05

sterile hybrid

7.06

sterile hybrid

7.07

sterile hybrid

7.08

sterile hybrid

8.01

sterile hybrid

8.02

sterile hybrid

8.03

no evidence of being controled

8.04

"in the North is often killed back to ground or snow line and quickly grows back into a rather dense small shrub" [ability to resprout from underground parts] (2)shearing spoils shape and reduces blooming

http://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/flowering/abelia.htm (2)http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Abelia_grandiflora.html

8.05

no evidence