Lolium temulentum L., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Lolium arvense With.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: du mai

English: Darnel ryegrass, bearded darnel, bearded ryegrass, darnel, darnel drake, drake darnel, drunken darnel, poison darnel, poison ryegrass

French: ivraie énivrante

Spanish: cizaña embriagante, corrachuela, joyo, trigollo, yoyo, zizaña, zizaña común

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Stiff, stout, erect annuals, 35-100 cm; branching intravaginal. Leaf-sheath glabrous, light brown. Auricles to 1 mm, spreading, or 0. Ligule 0.8-1.5 mm, truncate. Leaf-blade 10-22 cm x 3-4.5-(6) mm, flat, abaxially glabrous, adaxially scaberulous or rarely smooth; margins smooth below, scabrid near tapered acute tip. Culm 20-60 cm, internodes closely scabrid above or smooth. Spike 10-20-(34) cm, erect; rachis 1-2 mm wide, smooth or finely scabrid on convex side, margins scaberulous. Spikelets 10-30 mm, 5-12-flowered, green; florets turgid at maturity. Upper glume 10-22 mm, < to > spikelet, 7-9-nerved, rigid, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, smooth or scabrid. Lemma 5.5-9.5 mm, elliptic to ovate, smooth below, becoming hard at maturity, apex hyaline, scabrid, bifid, awned from sinus; awn fine, strongly scabrid, 1-13 mm, or 0. Palea = lemma. Anthers 2-3 mm. Caryopsis 5-6 x 2-2.5 mm" (Edgar & Connor, 2000; p. 128).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "growing in exposed sites, 0-305 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1560).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Widely naturalized, probably native in Mediterranean region" (GRIN)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Lee 276 (BISH), Haddon 289 (BISH), Whitney 4053 (BISH)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 60) "Mauvaise herbe récoltée une seule fois"; voucher cited: MacKee 17792
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
Japan Japan	Japan		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192) var. tremulenium and var. leptochaeton A. Br.
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 128) "Roadsides, waste land, paddocks".
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Lolium temulentum, please let us know.