Lolium temulentum L., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: du mai

English: bearded darnel, bearded ryegrass, darnel, Darnel ryegrass, poison darnel, poison ryegrass

French: ivraie énivrante

Spanish: cizaña embriagante, corrachuela, joyo, trigollo, yoyo, zizaña, zizaña común

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Stiff, stout, erect annuals, 35-100 cm; branching intravaginal. Leaf-sheath glabrous, light brown. Auricles to 1 mm, spreading, or 0. Ligule 0.8-1.5 mm, truncate. Leaf-blade 10-22 cm x 3-4.5-(6) mm, flat, abaxially glabrous, adaxially scaberulous or rarely smooth; margins smooth below, scabrid near tapered acute tip. Culm 20-60 cm, internodes closely scabrid above or smooth. Spike 10-20-(34) cm, erect; rachis 1-2 mm wide, smooth or finely scabrid on convex side, margins scaberulous. Spikelets 10-30 mm, 5-12-flowered, green; florets turgid at maturity. Upper glume 10-22 mm, < to > spikelet, 7-9-nerved, rigid, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, smooth or scabrid. Lemma 5.5-9.5 mm, elliptic to ovate, smooth below, becoming hard at maturity, apex hyaline, scabrid, bifid, awned from sinus; awn fine, strongly scabrid, 1-13 mm, or 0. Palea = lemma. Anthers 2-3 mm. Caryopsis 5-6 x 2-2.5 mm" (Edgar & Connor, 2000; p. 128).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "growing in exposed sites, 0-305 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1560).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Widely naturalized, probably native in Mediterranean region" (GRIN)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. (1999) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Lee 276 (BISH), Haddon 289 (BISH), Whitney 4053 (BISH)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 60) "Mauvaise herbe récoltée une seule fois"; voucher cited: MacKee 17792
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 105)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192) var. tremulenium and var. leptochaeton A. Br.
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 219-220)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 128) "Roadsides, waste land, paddocks".

Additional information:
Additional online information about Lolium temulentum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Lolium temulentum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Lolium temulentum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 2. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 137 pp. + plates.

Herbst, Derral R./Wagner, Warren L. 1999. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VII. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 58:12-36.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

U. S. Government. 2011. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).