Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

16

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Naturalizing rapidly in (1)Hawai‘i (2) Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. Naturalized in the Bahamas as well, and elsewhere in the New World tropics and subtropics. (3)The species has escaped and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm (2)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/pdf
/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en (3)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native range - tropical Africa. (2)Naturalizing rapidly in (1)Hawai‘i (2) Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. Naturalized in the Bahamas as well, and elsewhere in the New World tropics and subtropics.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm (2)(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm (2)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/pdf
/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

2.02

2.03

It grows from near sea level to more than 600 m elevation.

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/
Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

2.04

Native range - tropical Africa

http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm

2.05

Naturalizing rapidly in (1)Hawai‘i (2) Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. Naturalized in the Bahamas as well, and elsewhere in the New World tropics and subtropics.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm (2)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

3.01

Naturalizing rapidly in (1)Hawai‘i (2) Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. Naturalized in the Bahamas as well, and elsewhere in the New World tropics and subtropics.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm (2)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

3.02

No evidence

3.03

Self-sowing and weedy in cultivated land-scapes.

http://www.fleppc.org/pdf/Jasminum%20fluminense.pdf

3.04

'Has spread extensively and become a major pest, in Florida and in Puerto Rico (Morton 1974). ...An aggressive, troublesome, difficult-to-control weed (Nelson 1996). Has vigorously invaded intact, undisturbed hardwood forests in south Florida; can climb high into the tree canopy of mature forests, completely en-shrouding native vegetation and reducing native plant diversity (Hammer 1996). Re-ported from 11 natural areas, including rare scrub habitat, in Dade and Palm Beach counties.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

3.05

J.humile and J. polyanthum are invasive in New Zealand.

Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Meliola gamellipoda and Puccinia exhauriens are found to be associated with J. fluminense. [Did not find the above fungi to be recognized pests.]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

No information on fire ecology

4.09

'Brazilian jasmine will grow in partial shade and climb upward to better light. '

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

4.1

Soils of all textures and parent material are colonized.

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

4.11

"Gold Coast and Brazilian jasmine are both capable of completely enshrouding native vegetation. They can climb high into the canopy of mature forests, cutting off natural light and reducing the diversity of native species."

http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm

4.12

Brazilian jasmine can engulf shrubs, small trees, and fences and can ascend power poles. Control of thickets and mats is often needed.

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

5.01

A pubescent climber.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm

5.02

A pubescent climber.

5.03

A pubescent climber.

5.04

No evidence [possibly, it is a vine]

6.01

It is an ever blooming weedy vine that seeds itself in great profusion wherever it grows.

http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/derm/environment/badplants/plant%20descriptions/brazilian_jasmine.htm

6.02

'Sown on commercial potting mix, 100 percent of the seeds collected from this sample germinated between 18 and 52 days after sowing.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

6.03

No information

6.04

Related species is self-incompatible

Guitián, J.; Guitián, P.; Medrano, M.1998. Floral biology of the distylous Mediterranean shrub Jasminum fruticans (Oleaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany, 18:195-201

6.05

[related species] 13 species of butterflies were seen foraging for nectar, and one of these, Macroglossum gyrans, was considered to be the main pollinator

Raju, A. J. S. 1988. Pollination ecology of Jasminum angustifolium Vahl. (Oleaceae). Proceedings, Indian National Science Academy, B, 54:165-169

6.06

'Brazilian jasmine roots (layers) whenever stems come in contact with the ground.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

Probably not as the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes - fragrant flowers and widely planted as an ornamental in greenhouses and outdoors.

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/
global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

7.03

Probably not - fruits relatively large 8 mm in diameter - no direct evidence of seed size but probably closer to 8 mm

7.04

Fruit a small, fleshy, roundish, black, 2-lobed berry

7.05

Fruit a small, fleshy, roundish, black, 2-lobed berry

7.06

'Seeds dispersed by birds and raccoons, with dense plots of seedlings often seen arising from raccoon droppings.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

7.07

'Seeds dispersed by birds and raccoons, with dense plots of seedlings often seen arising from raccoon droppings.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

7.08

'Seeds dispersed by birds and raccoons, with dense plots of seedlings often seen arising from raccoon droppings.'

http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

8.01

(1)Fruit a small, fleshy, roundish, black, 2-lobed berry. (2)The fruits, which form in groups of two, are globose, 8 mm in diameter, and dark purple or dark blue to almost black when ripe. Each fruit contains one spherical gray seed.

(1)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:fQ18hH95O1oC:www.fleppc.org/
pdf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en (2)http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:8-ckTKeD-HEC:www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Jasminum%2520fluminense.pdf+Jasminum+fluminense&hl=en

8.02

No information regarding seedbank.

8.03

Chemical: Large, mature, woody vines can be cut at ground level and treated with a triclopyr herbicide mixed with 50 percent water. Follow-up treatments will probably be required. [follow up suggests not so well controled]

http://www.hear.org/pier3/jaflu.htm

8.04

No information.

8.05

Don't know.