Jasminum fluminense Vell., Oleaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 16 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

English: Brazilian jasmine, Gold Coast jasmine, jasmine

French: jasmin à bouguet, jasmin blanc

Spanish: jasmín de canario, jasmín oloroso, jasmiín de trapo

Habit:  vine

Description:  "A pubescent climber with 3 leaflets, fragrant white flowers in broad loose cymes, and corolla 5-6-lobed with a tube 1.5-2.5 cm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 990, 1886)."Evergreen scrambling shrub or climbing to 12 m high; stems pubescent; leaflets broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, truncate-subcordate at base; cymes lateral and terminal; corolla 5-9-lobed, white; ovary with 1 ovule in each cell"  (Adams, 1972; p. 578).

Habitat/ecology:  "Brazilian jasmine occurs in Puerto Rico in areas that receive from about 750 to 1800 mm of annual rainfall. It grows from near sea level to more than 600 m in elevation. Soils of all textures and parent material are colonized. However, it does not tolerate poorly drained soils. The species is restricted to areas with minimum temperatures above 1.7 øC (Florida Exotic Plant Council 2001). It will grow on the coast in areas that do not receive salt spray (Florida Exotic Plant Council 2001). Brazilian jasmine will grow in partial shade and climb upward to better light. It can survive but is not aggressive in the denser shade of unbroken forest canopies. Most plants grow in natural and artificial openings in the forest such as fencerows, river banks, roadsides, brushy pastures, and logged or burnt-over forest"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).  "Gold Coast and Brazilian jasmine are both capable of completely enshrouding native vegetation.  They can climb high into the canopy of mature forests, cutting off natural light and reducing the diversity of native species" (Randall & Marinelli, 1996; p. 149).  Lower elevation moist and dry sites in Hawai‘i.

Propagation:  Seed, often spread by birds. "In Florida, seed is spread by raccoons and birds" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Native range:  "The African and Middle Eastern native range of Brazilian jasmine includes Mauritius, the Seychelles, Arabia, Ethiopia, southern Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Nigeria, South Africa (Miami-Dade County 2001), the Azores, and the Canary Islands (Acevedo-Rodr¡guez 1985). The species has naturalized and escaped throughout much of the tropics and subtropics"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 84)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9271 (PAP) Ornementale trés rare.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 558263) Taxon name on voucher: Jasminum fluminense Vell.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 32) Voucher cited: Sachet 2082 (US)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 208)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 661719) Taxon name on voucher: Jasminum fluminense Vell.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Herbarium Pacificum Staff (1996) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: D. Herbst & G. Spence 5634 (BISH), W.L. Wagner, C. Imada & W. Takeuchi 5938 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 22) East Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 980403-30 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Herbarium Pacificum Staff (1996) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: E. Funk s.n. (BISH), H. St. John 25517 (BISH), G. Linney 871017-43 (BISH) Common, rapidly spreading.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Costa Rica (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	El Salvador (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Honduras (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Panama (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Tabasco Naturalized

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized

Comments:  Naturalizing rapidly in Hawai‘i.

Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).

Other species: J. dichotomum (gold coast jasmine) is an invasive species in the US. Other Jasminum species naturalized in the US include star jasmine (J. multiflorum), yellow jasmine (J. mesnyi), poet's jasmine (J. officinale) and shining jasmine (J. nitidum) (Randall & Marinelli, 1996; p. 149). J. humile (yellow jasmine) and J. polyanthum are invasive in New Zealand.

Control: 

Physical. Young plants can be hand pulled.

Chemical: Large, mature, woody vines can be cut at ground level and treated with a triclopyr herbicide mixed with 50 percent water. Follow-up treatments will probably be required (Randall & Marinelli, 1996; p. 149).  "Sensitive to triclopyr, 50% of product, in cut-stump treatment"  (Motooka et al., 2003).