Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Family - Cupressaceae Common Names(s) -Monterey cypress, ciprés Monterrey. Synonym(s) - Callitropsis macrocarpa (Hartw.ex Gordon) D.P. Little.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. (2) Native: United States - California -Monterey coast.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?12659 [Cited 2010 February 26].

2.02

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. (2) Native: United States - California -Monterey coast.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?12659 [Cited 2010 February 26].

2.03

(1) Dominant component of the Monterey cypress forest community. Occurs at elevations from sea level to 30 m. (2) Climatic amplitude (estimates) - altitude range: 0-100 m; mean annual rainfall: 500-1000 mm; mean maximum temperature of the hottest month: 20-24°C; mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 5-5°C.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1) Noted as naturalizing in East Maui, Kahakapao Gulch, Haleakala Ranch, spreading in pasturess and gulches from plantations, in association with Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass) 1219 m (4000 ft). (2) Cupressus macrocarpa has naturalized in Australia and New Zealand (temperate oceanic climate).

(1) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op100.pdf [Cited 2010 March 3]. (2) Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity & Distributions. 10 (5/6): 321-331.

2.05

(1) C. macrocarpa has been planted in mild coastal climates in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is most notable common along the coasts of England, countries around the Mediterranean Basin, Chile, Australia and New Zealand. It has also been planted in Asia and Africa.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. (2) Native: United States - California -Monterey coast.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?12659 [Cited 2010 February 26].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cupressus_macrocarpa/ [Cited 2010 March 2].

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cupressus_macrocarpa/ [Cited 2010 March 2].

3.04

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa is considered to be a serious threat to dry coastal vegetation; lowland grassland & grassy woodland; and rock outcrop vegetation formations in Victoria, Australia.

(1) Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V., Robinson, K.E., 1992. Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment, East Melbourne.

3.05

(1) Cupressus lusitanica is listed as a possible environmental weed for Australia.

(1) Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V., Robinson, K.E., 1992. Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment, East Melbourne.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.02

Unknown. (1) Listed in publication as having a possible allelopathic effect through fog drip.

(1) www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/Citation.2004.../file_name [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.04

(1) Rodents and deer consume C. macrocarpa seedlings. Cupressus is considered undesirable forage for livestock, although young plants are occasionally browsed. (2) In Tasmania, ingestion of foliage has been associated with abortion in cattle and cerebral leucomalacia of the aborted fetus. (3) Anecdotal reports suggest that abortion occurs in New Zealand cattle after the ingestion of Cupressus macrocarpa. [palatability unclear from references. poisoning could be from an occasional browsing.]

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16031906?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=12 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.05

(1) In Tasmania, ingestion of foliage has been associated with abortion in cattle and cerebral leucomalacia of the aborted fetus. (2) Anecdotal reports suggest that abortion occurs in New Zealand cattle after the ingestion of Cupressus macrocarpa.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16031906?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=12 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.06

(1) Monterey cypress is highly susceptible to coryneum canker (Coryneum cardinale), which can kill trees. (2) The most significant pathogen affecting C. macrocarpa is the coryneum or cypress canker, caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinal. This fungus invades the bark through wounds and the bark is killed as the fungus spreads. Patches of dead foliage appear in the crown as the branches die. This fungus was first discovered on ornamental Monterrey cypress in California in 1928, where it was causing severe damage. It is now found throughout the world and affects several species of Cupressus, especially C. sempervirens in the Mediterranean Basin. Once infected by Seiridium cardinale, other fungal pathogens are often able to invade infected trees. The disease is managed by sanitation, use of fungicides and use of genetically resistant strains. Thus far, this pathogen has not caused significant damage to the relict native stands of C. macrocarpa along the California coast.

Another stem canker, caused by the fungus Lepteutypa cupressi was responsible for major damage to plantations of C. macrocarpa in East Africa during the 1940s and resulted in the suspension of further planting of this species in Kenya in 1952 (Odera and Arap Sang, 1975). This fungus also has a worldwide distribution (Graniti, 1998).

C. macrocarpa is attacked by the root pathogens, Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cactorum in New Zealand where this species has been used in windbreak plantings (Hepting 1971).

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.07

(1) No evidence of allergies or toxicities in PubMed. (2) No evidence of allergies or toxicities to humans in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16031906?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=12 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.08

Possibly. (1) Cupressus macrocarpa is a fire-adapted species.

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa is a fire-adapted species.

4.09

(1) Seeds require bare mineral soil for germination and establishment. Seed mortality is high on shades sites with abundant litter because of damping off. (2) Does not tolerate shade.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cupressus+macrocarpa [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.10

(1) In its native stands, Cupressus macrocarpa is confined to rocky, granitic and sandy soils. The soils generally have a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 (acidic). (2) The two natural stands of Cupressus macrocarpa are associated with thin, residual soils derived from granodiorite. These soils are moderately acidic with a pH of 4.5-5.5. However, planted individuals and plantations of Cupressus macrocarpa appear to be tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

(1) Tree 20-25 m.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

5.02

(1) Cupressaceae

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

5.03

(1) Not nitrogen fixing.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2010 March 2].

5.04

(1) Tree.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?157,160,172 [Cited 2010 March 2].

6.01

No evidence. (1) Cupressus macrocarpa is a member of a fire maintained community. It is considered rare in its native range due to development pressures.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

6.02

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa reproduces exclusively from seed. (2) Green cones of may be collected from C. macrocarpa several years after seed maturity, as the closed cones remain vascularized. Cones can then be opened by drying in the sun or by application of moderate temperature (up to about 40°C). Seeds appear to retain partial germination for 10 years or more with dry storage at room temperature (USDA, 1948). Although C. macrocarpa is commonly germinated without pretreatment, some dormancy appears to be present. Chilling for 30 days has been shown to significantly increase the rate and speed of germination of C. macrocarpa seed.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

(1) "Subgroup A: C. macrocarpa/ guadalupensis/ nootkatensis—clearly C. nootkatensis (=Ch. nootkatensis) fits nicely into Cupressus. Interestingly, the so-called inter-generic hybrid Cupressocyparis leylandii (Jack. and Dall.) Dall. (Rushforth, 1987) had putative parents of C. macrocarpa and C. nootkatensis, and both of these taxa are found in this group". (2) In New Zealand, interspecific hybrids and backcrosses between Monterey cypress and Mexican cypress (Cupressus lusitanica), and Monterey cypress and Arizona cypress (C. arizonica), occur in cultivation. These species have also been crossed artificially.

(1) Bartel, J.A., Adams, R.P., James, S.A., Mumba, L.E., Pandey, R.N. 2003. Variation among Cupressus species from the western hemisphere based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31:693-702 (2) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Wind-pollinated.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cupressus+macrocarpa [Cited 2010 March 2].

6.06

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa reproduces exclusively from seed. (2) Green cones of may be collected from C. macrocarpa several years after seed maturity, as the closed cones remain vascularized. Cones can then be opened by drying in the sun or by application of moderate temperature (up to about 40°C). Seeds appear to retain partial germination for 10 years or more with dry storage at room temperature (USDA, 1948). Although C. macrocarpa is commonly germinated without pretreatment, some dormancy appears to be present. Chilling for 30 days has been shown to significantly increase the rate and speed of germination of C. macrocarpa seed.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

(1) Slow-growing. (2) In the second year of development, cones are pollinated and seeds mature 15 to 18 months after pollination. Cone production is abundant. Staminate cone production begins on trees that are 6 to 7 years old. Ovulate cone production begins on trees that are less than 10 years of age. The cones require 2 years to mature and can contain 140 seeds

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.01

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Cone production is abundant. Staminate cone production begins on trees that are 6 to 7 years old. Ovulate cone production begins on trees that are less than 10 years of age. The cones require 2 years to mature and can contain 140 seeds. {seeds are enclosed in cones until fire or hot temperatures].

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.02

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa occurs in two natural stands in Monterey County, California. One stand is between Point Cypress and Pescadero Point on the north side of Carmel Bay, Monterey Peninsula. A smaller one is near Point Lobos on the south side of Carmel Bay. It is widely planted and naturalized on the California coast. It has been planted in Hawaii, Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.03

No evidence of produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) Seed dispersal is primarily by wind and rain. Seed dispersal is a continuous process and can occur without fire.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.05

(1) Seed dispersal is primarily by wind and rain. Seed dispersal is a continuous process and can occur without fire.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.06

(1) Seed dispersal is primarily by wind and rain. Seed dispersal is a continuous process and can occur without fire.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.07

(1) Seed dispersal is primarily by wind and rain. Seed dispersal is a continuous process and can occur without fire.[no adaptation for external attachment].

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

7.08

(1) Seed dispersal is primarily by wind and rain. Seed dispersal is a continuous process and can occur without fire.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26].

8.01

(1) Cone production is abundant. Staminate cone production begins on trees that are 6 to 7 years old. Ovulate cone production begins on trees that are less than 10 years of age. The cones require 2 years to mature and can contain 140 seeds (2) Image of cones.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/image/?q=090317-4926 [Cited 2010 March 3].

8.02

(1) Seeds remain viable for up to 4 years on trees. (2) "Green cones of may be collected from C. macrocarpa several years after seed maturity, as the closed cones remain vascularized. Cones can then be opened by drying in the sun or by application of moderate temperature (up to about 40°C). Seeds appear to retain partial germination for 10 years or more with dry storage at room temperature (USDA, 1948). Although C. macrocarpa is commonly germinated without pretreatment, some dormancy appears to be present. Chilling for 30 days has been shown to significantly increase the rate and speed of germination of C. macrocarpa seed."

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cupmac/all.html [Cited 2010 February 26]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

Unknown (1) This guide states that Cupressus macrocarpa is tolerant of Clopyralid, Haloxyfop, and Terbuthylazine when dormant. The information is based on practical experience but does not mention experimental or weed population control.

(1) http://www.southernwoods.co.nz/documents/WeedControl.pdf [Cited 2010 March 2].

8.04

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa is a fire-adapted species.

(1) Cupressus macrocarpa is a fire-adapted species.

8.05

Unknown