Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cotoneaster pannosus (silverleaf cotoneaster)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Hickman, J. C. (editor) 1993. The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press. 1400 pp.

California

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11782 (24 October 2001)

Native: Asia-Temperate: China - Sichuan, Yunnan

2.02

2.03

(1) Hickman, J. C. (editor) 1993. The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press. 1400 pp. (2)Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1)Elevation: between 0 and 3280 feet (2)USDA Zones 7-11; New USDA Temp Zones 7b-11b

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11782 (24 October 2001)

Native: Asia-Temperate: China - Sichuan, Yunnan

2.05

Hawaii, California, Australia, South Africa

3.01

CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2001. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. (Accessed: Oct 24, 2001)

The California Exotic Pest Plant Council (CalEPPC) lists Cotoneaster pannosa on List A-2: documented as an aggressive invader in fewer than 3 Jepson Manual geographic subdivisons. [CalEPPC]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

CalFlora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2001. Berkeley, California: The CalFlora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/. (Accessed: Oct 24, 2001)http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/environment/weed_noxious_manly.html http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens4.htm

The California Exotic Pest Plant Council (CalEPPC) lists Cotoneaster pannosa on List A-2: documented as an aggressive invader in fewer than 3 Jepson Manual geographic subdivisons. [CalEPPC] invasive in many coastal communities; esp. NorthCoast, Big Sur. Also an environmental weed in Australia. Also a category 3 weed in South Africa.

3.05

California Exotic Pest Plant Council. 1999. Exotic pest plant list (http://www.caleppc.org/info/plantlist.html, 19 October 1999). California Exotic Pest Plant Council.

C. lacteus was listed as invasive

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

4.02

no evidence

4.03

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

Neoflora database. NeoInformatics, 2000. (http://www.neoflora.com/), http://www.csupomona.edu/~fdgibbons/hor232/notes5.html http://www.bushcare.tas.gov.au/care/wdspecies.htm

based on Cotoneaster without specified species. "sun to full sun". C. pannpsus = "Prefers full sun", "Less seed is produced under shady conditions but shade will not kill existing plants"

4.1

Neoflora database. NeoInformatics, 2000. (http://www.neoflora.com/)

based on Cotoneaster without specified species. "some sandy to some clay; pH 5-8.5"

4.11

4.12

no evidence

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

5.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Gu, Z.H., Zhang, Z.M. & Cao, Y.L. 1993.The dormancy and rapid germination of five kinds of wild Cotoneaster seeds. Plant Physiol. Commun. v.29 no.4 p.253-56 . 1993, abstract

6.03

6.04

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

7.01

no evidence

7.02

ornamental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.1100

fruits attractive presumably bird dispersed

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird dispersed

8.01

http://www.bushcare.tas.gov.au/care/wdspecies.htm

2 seeds per fruit. " produce a large quantity of bird-dispersed seed" -- Clusters of 50-100 berries. many clusters per shrub.

8.02

Gu, Z.H., Zhang, Z.M. & Cao, Y.L. 1993.The dormancy and rapid germination of five kinds of wild Cotoneaster seeds. Plant Physiol. Commun. v.29 no.4 p.253-56 . 1993, abstract

Following treatment with H2SO4 and 30% H2O2, seeds of 5 Cotoneaster species (C. dielsianus, C. moupinensis, C. ambiguus, C. pannosus and C. salicifolius var. angustus) were treated with 250 p.p.m. GA3 for 24 h and then put into a refrigerator at 2-4 deg C for 1.5-3.0 months. The low temperature treatment did break seed dormancy and promoted the germination of C. moupinensis and C. salicifolius. Cold treatment followed by GA3 increased germination rates of C. dielsianus and C. salicifolius to 80-90%. It was concluded that treating seeds with H2SO4 and GA3 together with exposure to 1-4 deg for 3 months followed by germination at 25 deg was the best way of breaking the dormancy of wild Cotoneaster seeds. (Need specific treatment to break dormancy)

8.03

http://www.bushcare.tas.gov.au/care/wdspecies.htm

Glyphosate

8.04

no evidence

8.05