Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Coffea arabica; coffee

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Some naturalization reported in Guam. (2)Naturalized in Hawaii. below 600m (3) Planted and escaping from cultivation in Puerto Rico. Also to a limited extent in St. Croix, St Thomas, St John and Tortola. … extensilvely planted and escaping through the tropics . Cultivated and escaping or naturalized in Bermuda and most of West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad and Tobago.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm (2)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (3)www.hear.org

1.03

No evidence

2.01

'Indigenous to Ethiopia and Sudan extensively grown in South India and in many countries in Asia, Africa, South America as plantation crop.

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

2.02

2.03

originated in Ethiopia, where it grows at elevations between 1,375 to 1,830 m. Arabica coffee thrives from the humid tropics to temperate climates from 5°N lat. to 34°S lat. where temperatures average 11-26.5°C, and from sealevel to 2,500 m altitude. Ranging from Warm Temperate Dry to Rain (with little or no frost) through Tropical Very Dry to Wet Forest Life Zones

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Coffea_arabica.html#Uses

2.04

Despite its name, C. arabica originated in Ethiopia, where it grows at elevations between 1,375 to 1,830 m.

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Coffea_arabica.html#Uses

2.05

'Indigenous to Ethiopia and Sudan extensively grown in South India and in many countries in Asia, Africa, South America as plantation crop.

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

3.01

Planted and escaping from cultivation in Puerto Rico. Also to a limited extent in St. Croix, St Thomas, St John and Tortola. … extensilvely planted and escaping through the tropics . Cultivated and escaping or naturalized in Bermuda and most of West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad and Tobago.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

An environmental weed of unknown significance in Queensland and NSW Australia

Randall, R. 2001. Garden Thugs. Plant Protection Quarterly [but only "naturalized in a few areas o f the Moreton district" in Queensland according to Stanley and Ross, Flora of Southeastern Queensland]

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Coffee pulp used as fodder [by product of processing beans]

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/AFRIS/Data/540.HTM

4.05

Coffee pulp used as fodder

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/AFRIS/Data/540.HTM

4.06

This site lists 219 species of fungi to be associated with C. arabica. [there are far too many pests to screen each one; many insects, nematodes, etc]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Unlikely, a small open tree

4.09

http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm

4.1

Coffee does not appear to have very specific soil requirements. In fact, it performs just as well in the clay-silicaceous soils of granite origin in the lower Ivory Coast or Cameroon as it does on soils of volcanic origin with diverse characteristics that are encountered all over the world (dolerite, basalt, ash, tufa, etc.), or even on alluvial soils, such as those on the eastern coast of Madagascar.pH 4.5 and 6.0

http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Small tree/shrub in Rubiaceae.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

'The fruits develop fairly rapidly during the weeks that follow fertilization and most of the fruits reach half their normal length in about 12 weeks following flowering. '

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

6.02

'The ripe, healthy, well-formed seed may germinate as soon as it is harvested, in the absence of a dormancy period, …'.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

6.03

No information on natural hybridization.

6.04

C. arabica is about 90% autogamous (self-fertile) thus a great number of its flowers are fertilized before anthesis

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

6.05

(1) 'The pollen falls on the lower storeys of the coffee tree due to the force of gravity and is also transported by wind and insects. … The wind transports the pollen at varying distances, but stretches of about 100 m have been recorded.' (2)Raw and Free (1977) found that bushes caged with bees yielded 52% more berry than bushes caged without bees

(1)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Coffea_arabica.html

6.06

No evidence that the species propagates vegetatively in the wild.

6.07

Trees come into bearing 3-4 years after planting

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Coffea_arabica.html

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

7.02

plant has ornamental value and agricultural value.

7.03

Seeds are relatively large - On average, the seeds are 10 mm long, 6-7 mm wide and 3-4 mm thick. They weigh 0.15-0.20 g.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

7.04

Probably not as the seeds do not have any adaptations for wind dispersal.

7.05

Probably not as the habitat of the species is not near rivers, neither is it a coastal species.

7.06

Seeds, often bird-dispersed.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/coara.htm

7.07

Probably not as the seeds do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

Seeds dispersed by birds

8.01

On average, the seeds are 10 mm long, 6-7 mm wide and 3-4 mm thick. They weigh 0.15-0.20 g. [one seed per fruit]

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=749

8.02

a sharp decrease in germination percentage (100-25%) in a greenhouse after a few months of seed storage.

Santana-Buzzy, N.; Loyola-Vargas, V. M.; Valcárcel, M.; Barzaga, M. L.; Hernández, M. M.; González, M. E.; Barahona, F.; Mijangos-Cortés, J. 2002. The effect of in vitro germination in maintaining germination levels over time in storage for two cultivars of Coffea arabica L.
Seed Science and Technology 30:119-129.

8.03

(1)Coffee bushes were cut back to heights of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 m before application of 2,4,5-T in diesel oil. All treatments gave 100% kill.

(1)Cruz, L. S. P.; Leiderman, L. 1974. The height of cut of coffee bushes before arboricide application in an eradication programme. FT: Altura de recepa de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.) para aplicacao de arbusticida em programa de erradicacao.
Biologico 40: 355-356. (2)Cruz, L. S. P.; Leiderman, L.; Santos, C. A. L. dos 1974. The possible period of arboricide application for the eradication of coffee bushes after cutting back. FT: Epoca viavel da aplicacao de arbusticida, apos a recepa de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.) para sua erradicacao. Biologico, , 40:331-334.

8.04

No information

8.05

Don’t know.