Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Clerodendrum quadriloculare


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 11


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clerodendrum quadriloculare (bronze leaved clerodendrum, fire works)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)On Pohnpei it was seen growing in full shade under the forest canopy in a dense, monospecific understory. (2) 'Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinia grandia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare ...'

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm (2)MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R. 1991. INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Micronesica (SUPPL. 3): 47-50.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to Philippines.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness range 10A -11 (2)Zones: 9 - 11

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc1137.htm (2)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm

2.04

Native to Philippines.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

2.05

(1)On Pohnpei it was seen growing in full shade under the forest canopy in a dense, monospecific understory. (2) 'Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinia grandia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare ...' (3)Florida (4)France (5)Spain

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm (2)MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R. 1991. INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Micronesica (SUPPL. 3): 47-50. (3)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm (4)http://jardinombrage.50megs.com/Ch/Notes.htm (5)http://floraguide.es/arboles/Clerodendrum.htm

3.01

(1)On Pohnpei it was seen growing in full shade under the forest canopy in a dense, monospecific understory. (2) 'Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinia grandia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare ...'

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm (2)MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R. 1991. INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Micronesica (SUPPL. 3): 47-50.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)On Pohnpei it was seen growing in full shade under the forest canopy in a dense, monospecific understory. (2) 'Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinia grandia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare ...'

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm (2)MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R. 1991. INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Micronesica (SUPPL. 3): 47-50.

3.05

C. fragrans is a common weed in U.S. and Puerto Rico.

Holme Geographic Atlas of World Weeds

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Endophyllum superficiale - was found to be associated with C. quadriloculare. A web search did not reveal this pathogen to be a recognized pest.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

unlikely -- moist forest shrub/tree

4.09

(1)Full sun or filtered light. (2)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (3)Full sun to Partial shade (4)Shade

(1)http://www.rareflora.com/clerodendrumquad.htm (2)http://www.hortpix.com/pc1137.htm (3)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm (4)http://www.hortworld.com/scripts/hortworld/Boynton.asp

4.1

(1)Well drained, moist, fertile humus

(1)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

4.12

On Pohnpei it was seen growing in full shade under the forest canopy in a dense, monospecific understory.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

5.01

An erect shrub or tree 2 to 5 m tall in Verbenaceae.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Propagation: cuttings, suckers, seeds

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm

6.03

No information

6.04

No information on reproduction.

6.05

based on floral morphology (very long corolla tube)

6.06

(1)Produces large amounts of seed and suckers profusely from the roots. (2)Invasive by suckering

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm (2)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/shootingstar.htm

6.07

fast growing bush

http://www.rareflora.com/clerodendrumquad.htm

7.01

No evidence

7.02

Probably yes - Commonly planted as an ornamental for its foliage and showy flowers.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/clqua.htm

7.03

No evidence

7.04

No evidence

7.05

No evidence

7.06

Berries

7.07

No evidence

7.08

Bird dispersed

8.01

Fruit ellipsoid, 1 to 1.5 cm long, purplish, the persistent calyx red and 1 to 1.5 cm long. But no information on seed size and number.

8.02

No information on seed longevity.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled.

8.04

severe pruning will bring on an outburst of suckers and shoots.

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page updated 3 March 2005