Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp. (pagoda flower, red Clerodendrum, giant salvia, Javanese glorybower, lau’awa) Synonym: Clerodendrum fallax,

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)"Native range: Malesia and eastward to the Society Islands, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized."; "In Fiji, "frequently cultivated near sea level and is also naturalized, sometimes locally commonly, on the edges of cultivated areas, in clearings, and in coconut plantations" [native to Fiji? See 2.01] (2)Naturalised; Land, lowlands [Cook Islands]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm (2)http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/PBS/cookislands/details.asp?cols=5&sp=
%3Ci%3EClerodendrum+buchananii%3C%2Fi%3E+var.+%3Ci%3Efallax%3C%
2Fi%3E&nav=%3Fcols%3D5%26EBG%3DClerodendrum+buchananii%26country
%3DxCKx%26nameset%3Dall%26disp%3Dmain%26lang%3DTraName

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Java (2)This species is native to the Indonesian island of Java, where it grows commonly in forest clearings in the low mountains. (3)Native range: Malesia and eastward to the Society Islands, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized. Fosberg et al. (1979) list this species as native to Micronesia while Stone (1970) lists it as a cultivated introduction to Guam. Yuncker (1959) gives the native range as "Java to Fiji and eastward to the Society Islands". (4)Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Malesia: East Timor; Indonesia - Celebes, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia - Sarawak; New Guinea
PACIFIC
Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia - Loyalty Islands; Solomon Islands

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Verbenaceae/Clerodendrum_specios.html (2)http://www.butterflyhouse.org/plant0502.html (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm (4)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Clerodendrum+buchananii

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness : USDA zone 9 B - 11. (2)Zones: 8-11 (3)Dry to moist disturbed areas at low elevations [naturalization seems to be restricted to low elevations]

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/glory-bo.html (2)http://almostedenplants.com/mall/Giantsalvia.asp (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

2.04

(1)Origin: Java (2)This species is native to the Indonesian island of Java, where it grows commonly in forest clearings in the low mountains. (3)Native range: Malesia and eastward to the Society Islands, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized. Fosberg et al. (1979) list this species as native to Micronesia while Stone (1970) lists it as a cultivated introduction to Guam. Yuncker (1959) gives the native range as "Java to Fiji and eastward to the Society Islands". (4)Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Malesia: East Timor; Indonesia - Celebes, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia - Sarawak; New Guinea
PACIFIC
Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia - Loyalty Islands; Solomon Islands

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Verbenaceae/Clerodendrum_specios.html (2)http://www.butterflyhouse.org/plant0502.html (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm (4)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Clerodendrum+buchananii

2.05

(1)Introduced to the U.S. (Florida and Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Virgin Islands). (2)Cultivated in Belgium

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=CLERO2 (2)http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/details.asp?plantID=197

3.01

(1)"Native range: Malesia and eastward to the Society Islands, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized."; "In Fiji, "frequently cultivated near sea level and is also naturalized, sometimes locally commonly, on the edges of cultivated areas, in clearings, and in coconut plantations" [native to Fiji? See 2.01] (2)Naturalised; Land, lowlands [Cook Islands]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm (2)http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/PBS/cookislands/details.asp?cols=5&sp=%
3Ci%3EClerodendrum+buchananii%3C%2Fi%3E+var.+%3Ci%3Efallax%
3C%2Fi%3E&nav=%3Fcols%3D5%26EBG%3DClerodendrum+buchananii%
26country%3DxCKx%26nameset%3Dall%26disp%3Dmain%26lang%3DTraName

3.02

No evidence

3.03

"Weedy in plantations and disturbed areas. In Fiji, "frequently cultivated near sea level and is also naturalized, sometimes locally commonly, on the edges of cultivated areas, in clearings, and in coconut plantations" (Smith, 1991)." [cannot deterimine if it is an economic weed]

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

3.04

Listed as potentially invasive cultivated plant in Hawaii.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:tzcokOAczCAJ:hbs.bishopmuseum.org/
pdf/op65.pdf+Clerodendrum+buchanani&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

3.05

C. chinense was described as "A major weed of roadsides and gardens in towns and villages and rapidly invades pastures and plantations wherever it is planted. It only thrives where the soil and air are moist and fertile, but it can tolerate shade. Can form dense thickets that exclude other species."

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_chinense.htm

4.01

No evidence of such characters.

http://www.butterflies.org/hortcltr3.cfm?plantID=44

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=
Clerodendrum+speciosissimum&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

[other Clerodendrum species are used for fodder]

4.05

No evidence

4.06

The following 6 fungi were found to be associated with C. speciosissimum: Cercospora volkameriae: Cuba - 8361
Corynespora cassiicola: Cuba - 8361
Glomerella cingulata: Cuba - 8361
Mycosphaerella sp.: Cuba - 8361
Pellicularia filamentosa: Ghana - 7983
Verticillium dahliae: Australia - 6767 (2)Corynespora cassiicola is a common disease found in ornamental plants - infects Salvias. (3)'Glomerella, or bitter rot, is a fungal disease which occurs on pipfruit throughout the world. It is often referred to as a ‘summer rot’. The fungus is found on a number of other host plants including citrus, avocado, grapes and figs. ... The disease can cause major fruit losses in a warm, wet season. All fruit showing even the smallest lesion must be graded out of a line, otherwise rotting may develop further in coolstore. Secondary infections can also develop.' (4)Verticillium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungi, Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum, is found worldwide in

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/Resrpts/rh_93_12.htm (3)http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf205013.htm (4)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:13YNbHMIQjYJ:
www.wisc.edu/McNair/pdfs/sum01/glf.pdf+++++Verticillium+dahliae&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - an evergreen shrub

http://www.morningstarnursery.com/clerodendrum_speciosissimum.htm

4.09

(1)Culture: full sun / partial shade / moist soil. (2)Partially shaded places are preferred

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/glory-bo.html (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland OR.

4.1

SOIL REQUIREMENTS: WIDE

http://www.ornamentalworld.com/Guide2.asp?PLANTID=0006160-0000

4.11

A shrub - not a climber

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

5.02

5.03

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

5.04

A shrub

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seeds germinated.

http://theseedsite.co.uk/list9.html

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1) inflorescences terminal, paniculate, loosely many-flowered, to 45 x 25 cm, often conspicuously bracteate, the branches bright red, the flowers showy; calyx campanulate, bright red, 3-5 (-9) mm long, 5-lobed, the lobes 1-3 mm long, acute, corolla hypocrateriform, red to vermilion, the tube slender, to 2.5 cm long, the limb spreading to 3 cm, the lobes obovate, to 15 x 10 mm, stamens and style bright red, exserted about 3 cm beyond corolla throat (2)Very long stamens [morphology indicates specialization] (3)Hummingbird

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm (2)http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/perdeck/vin_049.jpg (3)http://www.isseb.lsu.edu/~Remsen/HUMNETf/ClerodSpec.html

6.06

(1)This Clerodendrum is capable of spreading both from its bird-dispersed fruits and from root suckers. (3)A tough perennial slowly spreading by underground runners.

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/clebuc.htm (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:tzcokOAczCAJ:
hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf+Clerodendrum+buchanani&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)http://almostedenplants.com/mall/Giantsalvia.asp

6.07

Grows very fast [minimum estimate for fast growing shrub]

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2400.html

7.01

Probably not -no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

Cultivated - - Medicinal/culinary uses

http://www.hear.org/gcw/html/autogend/species/4866.HTM

7.03

Probably not - fruits appear to be relatively large.

http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxvrb.htm

7.04

bird-dispersed fruits

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/clebuc.htm (2)http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/perdeck/ant_131.jpg

7.05

bird-dispersed fruits

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/clebuc.htm (2)http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/perdeck/ant_131.jpg

7.06

(1)This Clerodendrum is capable of spreading both from its bird-dispersed fruits and from root suckers. (2)Photo of fruits. (3)Spread by fruit-eating birds.

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/clebuc.htm and http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:tzcokOAczCAJ:hbs.
bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf+Clerodendrum+buchanani&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxvrb.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

7.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

Probably yes - bird dispersed.

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/clebuc.htm and http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:tzcokOAczCAJ:
hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf+Clerodendrum+buchanani&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxvrb.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

8.01

fruit relativley large - 'fruit bright red or scarlet, turning purplish or black when mature, deeply 4-lobed, to 7 x 10 mm'

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_buchananii_var._fallax.htm

8.02

No information

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)In cooler zones it will die back, to re - emerge in the spring. [regrowth from roots] (2)prune severely

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/glory-bo.html (2)http://www.ornamentalworld.com/Guide2.asp?PLANTID=0006160-0000

8.05

Don’t know