Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cinnamomum verum (C. zeylanicum) (Cinnamon tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Locally naturalized on Rarotonga and Miti‘aro, Cook Islands (2) 'Invading moist secondary forest on Tutuila, American Samoa.' (3)Naturalized in Hawaii

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/ (2)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbar AND S.H.Sohmer. 1990. Manual of floering plants of Hawaii. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Ceylon, Madagascar, Malaysia and Seychelles (2)'It is extensively grown as an important spice crop in tropical regions.' (3)It grows naturally in forests in Sri Lanka and the western Ghats of South India and is now under cultivation in many parts of the world, including the Secheylles, Java, Brazil and Jamaica.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=
http://pharm1.pharmazie.uni-greifswald.de/systematik/6_
roge/cinnam-c.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DCinnamomum%2Bverum
26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN (2)Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India. (3)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (2)Spreading: in Ceylon in altitudes between 900 and 2.000 m .(3)rainfall 1300-2000 mm, it can be found at elevations from sea level to 2000 m, but it is best grown at elevations below 500 m. It require a warm and wet climate (4)Rainforests of mountain regions

91)http://www.hortpix.com/pc1090.htm (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://pharm1.pharmazie.uni-greifswald.de/systematik/6_droge/cinnam-c.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DCinnamomum%2Bverum%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN (3)http://pppis.fao.org/ (4)Stanley and Ross. 1983. Flora of South-eastern Queensland Vol. 1. Queensland Dept of Prmary Industries, Brisbane

2.04

Origin: Ceylon, Madagascar, Malaysia and Seychelles

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://pharm1.pharmazie.uni-greifswald.de/systematik/6_droge/cinnam-c.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DCinnamomum%2Bverum%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

2.05

(1)Present in: Pacific islands: American Samoa (Tutuila), Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Miti‘aro), Federated States of Micronesia (Pohnpei (cult.)), Fiji, French Polynesia (Tahiti), Hawai‘i, Palau, Samoa (Upolu, Savai‘i).Indian Ocean islands: Seychelles (2)It grows naturally in forests in Sri Lanka and the western Ghats of South India and is now under cultivation in many parts of the world, including the Secheylles, Java, Brazil and Jamaica.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/civer.htm (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)Locally naturalized on Rarotonga and Miti‘aro, Cook Islands (2) 'Invading moist secondary forest on Tutuila, American Samoa.' (3)Naturalized in Hawaii

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/ (2)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbar AND S.H.Sohmer. 1990. Manual of floering plants of Hawaii. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1) 'Invading moist secondary forest on Tutuila, American Samoa.' (2)Disadvantages of C. verum include its ... and its potential to become an aggressive colonizer, e.g. in the Seychelles
(3) "aggressively invasive alien "

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/civer.htm (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(3) Fleischmann, K. (1999) Relations between the invasive Cinnamomum verum and the endemic Phoenicophorium borsigianum on Mahé Island, Seychelles. Editors. Güsewell, S.; Pfadenhauer, J.; Maarel, E. van der. Applied Vegetation Science, 1999, Vol.2, No.1, pp.37-46, 16 ref.

3.05

AB: "Evidence of its invasiveness in open country in this area is described and possible reasons for this are discussed."; " Evidence for allelopathic and carcinogenetic properties for C. camphora and for a role in soil erosion is also considered. Current moves concerning legislation and the development of a coordinated control strategy for C. camphora are outlined. " [C. camphora is considered an invader and subjected to control efforts in Australia]

Scott, B. (1999) The camphor laurel phenomenon: a magnificent dilemma. Editor, Blackmore, P. Practical weed management: protecting agriculture and the environment. 10th Biennial Noxious Weeds Conference, Ballina, Australia, 20th-22nd July 1999., 1999, pp.65-70, 6 ref.

4.01

No evidence

Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbar AND S.H.Sohmer. 1990. Manual of floering plants of Hawaii. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

not used as a fodder, The bark and leaves are strongly aromatic.

http://pppis.fao.org/

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) 'During a survey of pests of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum [C. zeylanicum ]) in India, larvae of Alcides morio were recorded in seeds in some plantations. In severe infestations about 60% of seeds were damaged. A brief description of the pest is given.' (2)Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Cricula trifenestrata
Sorolopha archimedias
Fungus diseases:
Pestalotiopsis palmarum Did not find any of the above to be recognized pests.
(3)(4) Pestalotiopsis palmarum is a pathogen of coconut and cocoa [broad host range]

(1)Kumar, T. P. 1988. lcides morio Heller (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) cinnamon fruit borer. Entomon.Vol.13, No.2, p.187. (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(3) Suriachandraselvan, M.; Bhaskaran, R.; Ramadoss, N. (1991) Epidemiology of grey leaf spot disease on coconut caused by Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Stey. Indian Coconut Journal (Cochin), 1991, Vol.21, No.10, pp.19-20, 6 ref.
(4) Das, S. R. (1998) Grey leaf blight - a new disease of cocoa. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 1998, Vol.26, No.1, p.117, 3 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not-(1) It is an evergreen tree (2)'The tree grows well in warm humid climate…'

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

4.09

(1) prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2) 'The results indicate the C3 nature of photosynthesis and the characteristics of shade-adapted photosynthesis in cinnamon.' (3) bright light to light shade

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc1090.htm (2)Pathiratna, L. S. S.; Nugawela, A.; Samarasekera, R. K. 1998. Shade effects on photosynthesis of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres ). Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka. Vol.81, pp.29-37. (3)http://pppis.fao.org/

4.1

(1)C. verum is a hardy species which tolerates a wide range of tropical soils. (2)Tolerates low soil fertility

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

'A small to medium-sized, evergreen tree, 8 - 12 m high.'

Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

5.02

Lauraceae

5.03

Lauraceae

5.04

Lauraceae

6.01

'Under ideal conditions seeds germinate within 20 days.'

Bose T.K., et al. 1999. Tropical Horticulture. Naya Prokash. Calcutta. India.

6.02

'Under ideal conditions seeds germinate within 20 days.'

Bose T.K., et al. 1999. Tropical Horticulture. Naya Prokash. Calcutta. India.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

'Cinnamon, with a steady diploid chromosome number (2n=24) with outcrossing habit, has provided a wide range of chemical races with a few distinct leaf variants.'

Sahoo-S {a}; Paul-S-C {a}; Patra-P {a}. 2000. Quality cinnamon production in India. Journal-of-Medicinal-and-Aromatic-Plant-Sciences. 2000; 22 (1B): 361-365..

6.05

Probably not - the flowers do not appear to have any special adaptation for pollination.

http://www.hear.org/pier/civerp.htm

6.06

Propagation: Seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier/civer.htm

6.07

Require 3-5 years from planting to first harvest [bark is harvested, implies at least 3 years to fruit]

http://pppis.fao.org/

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

http://www.hear.org/pier/civerp.htm

7.02

Probably yes - 'It is extensively grown as an important spice crop in tropical regions.'

Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

7.03

Probably not - the fruit is a one seeded fleshy ovoid berry 10 - 20mm long - the seeds are probably not that small.

(1)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=702 (2)Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

7.04

7.05

7.06

The fruits are avidly eaten by birds, and so it is usual to net the trees if seeds are required for planting. The fruit is a fleshy, ovoid drupe, black, and 10-20 mm long when ripe.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=702

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

The fruits are avidly eaten by birds, and so it is usual to net the trees if seeds are required for planting. The fruit is a fleshy, ovoid drupe, black, and 10-20 mm long when ripe.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=702

8.01

Probably not - the fruit is a one seeded fleshy ovoid berry 10 - 20mm long - the seeds are probably not that small.

(1)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=702 (2)Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

8.02

Probably not -(1) 'As seed viability is low it should be sown immediately after harvest.' (2)

Bose T.K., P. Das and G.G> Maiti. 1998. Trees of the World. Regional Plant Resources Center. Calcutta. India.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Suited for coppicing. Once C. verum has been established for 2-3 years, it is coppiced to induce the formation of new shoots. Disadvantages of C. verum include its susceptibility to injury by fire

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know.