Cestrum nocturnum L. Family - Solanaceae. Common Names - English: lady of the night, night cestrum, night queen, night-blooming jasmine.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y

1

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

17

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to the Antilles and Central America.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 8-10. Night blooming jessamine will die to the ground after a freeze, but it comes back in spring in zones 8 and 9.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2128/ [13 Dec 2007] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cestrum.cfm [13 Dec 2007]

2.04

(1) naturalized at least at Ha`ena, Kauai`i, and Tantalus, O`ahu. (2) Previously known from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui (Wagner et al., 1990; Oppenheimer & Bartlett, 2000), C. nocturnum (night cestrum) is now also known from Hilo, Hawai‘i where it is growing in lowland forest. Near Kamuela/Waimea it was observed to be spreading from cultivated plants. Material examined: HAWAI‘I: Hilo, side of Waiäkea stream near University of Hawai‘i Hilo campus, 200 ft [60 m], 1 Aug 2001, Starr & Martz 010801-5. (3)The shrub Cestrum nocturnum is also very invasive in the latter two islands and is an aggressive colonizer of trailsides, forest gaps, and landslides, up to 400 m elevation on Rarotonga and 900 m elevation
in the rain forests of Tahiti (unpubl. data). (4) N.: Tamaterau - near Whangarei, and Whangaparoa Peninsula (N. Auckland), Parnell (Auckland), Otumoetai (Tauranga). Waste places, sheltered gullies, scrub. West Indies, C. America 1980 (5)Cestrum nocturnum L. New island record
Naturalized at least on Kaua‘i and O‘ahu (Wagner et al., 1999: 1254–1255), it was also reported to have numerous, viable seeds (Kepler, 1995: 104). The following collections document naturalized populations on Maui. Material examined: MAUI: East Maui, Makawao District, Papa‘anui, wooded area, Pu‘u Mahoe, 793 m, 11 Jul 1999, Oppenheimer H79943; A‘apueo, volunteers 3 m tall in yard, 701 m, 6 Sep 1999, Oppenheimer H99905.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Starr, F., K. Starr, and L. L. Loope. 2003. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 74: 23-34. (3)Meyer, J-Y. 2004. Threat of Invasive Alien Plants to Native Flora and Forest Vegetation of Eastern Polynesia. Pacific Science 58(3):357–375. (4)Webb, C.J., W.R. Sykes and P.J. Garnock-Jones. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Volume IV. Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. DSIR, Botany Division. Christchurch, New Zealand. (5)Oppenheimer, H. L. and Bartlett, R. T. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

2.05

(1)It is widely naturalised in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, including Australia, southern China and the southernmost United States.

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestrum_nocturnum [26 Dec 2007]

3.01

(1) naturalized at least at Ha`ena, Kauai`i, and Tantalus, O`ahu. (2) Previously known from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui (Wagner et al., 1990; Oppenheimer & Bartlett, 2000), C. nocturnum (night cestrum) is now also known from Hilo, Hawai‘i where it is growing in lowland forest. Near Kamuela/Waimea it was observed to be spreading from cultivated plants. Material examined: HAWAI‘I: Hilo, side of Waiäkea stream near University of Hawai‘i Hilo campus, 200 ft [60 m], 1 Aug 2001, Starr & Martz 010801-5. (3)The shrub Cestrum nocturnum is also very invasive in the latter two islands and is an aggressive colonizer of trailsides, forest gaps, and landslides, up to 400 m elevation on Rarotonga and 900 m elevation
in the rain forests of Tahiti (unpubl. data). (4) N.: Tamaterau - near Whangarei, and Whangaparoa Peninsula (N. Auckland), Parnell (Auckland), Otumoetai (Tauranga). Waste places, sheltered gullies, scrub. West Indies, C. America 1980 (5)Cestrum nocturnum L. New island record
Naturalized at least on Kaua‘i and O‘ahu (Wagner et al., 1999: 1254–1255), it was also reported to have numerous, viable seeds (Kepler, 1995: 104). The following collections document naturalized populations on Maui. Material examined: MAUI: East Maui, Makawao District, Papa‘anui, wooded area, Pu‘u Mahoe, 793 m, 11 Jul 1999, Oppenheimer H79943; A‘apueo, volunteers 3 m tall in yard, 701 m, 6 Sep 1999, Oppenheimer H99905.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Starr, F., K. Starr, and L. L. Loope. 2003. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 74: 23-34. (3)Meyer, J-Y. 2004. Threat of Invasive Alien Plants to Native Flora and Forest Vegetation of Eastern Polynesia. Pacific Science 58(3):357–375. (4)Webb, C.J., W.R. Sykes and P.J. Garnock-Jones. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Volume IV. Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. DSIR, Botany Division. Christchurch, New Zealand. (5)Oppenheimer, H. L. and Bartlett, R. T. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

3.02

(1)Which habitats is it likely to invade? : Disturbed and open forest and margins, streamsides, and shrublands, especially in warmer areas. (2)The shrub Cestrum nocturnum is also very invasive in the latter two islands and is an aggressive colonizer of trailsides, forest gaps, and landslides, up to 400 m elevation on Rarotonga and 900 m elevation in the rain forests of Tahiti (unpubl. data).

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007] (2)Meyer, J-Y. 2004. Threat of Invasive Alien Plants to Native Flora and Forest Vegetation of Eastern Polynesia. Pacific Science 58(3):357–375.

3.03

(1)Which habitats is it likely to invade? : Disturbed and open forest and margins, streamsides, and shrublands, especially in warmer areas. (2)Cestrum nocturnum (tiare ariki-va‘ine, ariki-va‘ine, night-flowering cestrum) is quite prevalent and invasive on Rarotonga and Mangaia. It’s another species with bird-spread seeds and could become even more widespread.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007] (2)Space, J. C. and T. Flynn. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

3.04

Unknown. Most of the evidence suggests this species is an invader of disturbed areas, forest gaps and edges, although natural areas appear to be impacted as well. (1)Invasive pest plants threatening Le Roys Bush and Little Shoal Bay Reserves…The Queen of the Night (Cestrum Nocturnum) made its appearance in suburban gardens relatively recently - popularised by its strong scent in the early evening. Unfortunately, it seeds readily in a range of habitats and is widely spread not just in the fringes of the reserve - but even into the centre of the wetlands. Working bees have eliminated hundreds of Queen of the Night plants from the reserve, but the source of the seeds needs to be addressed. (2) Cestrum nocturnum: Listed among "Known Pest Plants" of Ka‘ū Preserve (but no mention if impacts)

(1)http://groups.google.com/group/LeRoys-Bush-and-Little-Shoal-Bay/web/invasive-pest-plants-threatening-le-roys-bush-and-little-shoal-bay-reserves [26 Dec 2007] (2)Anonymous. 2006. DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR KA‘Ū PRESERVE NATURAL AREA PARTNERSHIP. The Nature Conservancy.

3.05

(1) Cestrum parqui. Green Cestrum is a major problem because all parts of the plant are highly toxic to stock. The Rural Lands Protection Board considers Green Cestrum to be the worst noxious weed in western Sydney (A. Glover, pers.comm 2005). Poisoning is most commonly seen in cattle which eat Green Cestrum when there is a shortage of available green feed. Death is usually rapid and painful when cattle eat small quantities of leaves, twigs or fruit, and even dry leaves from plants which have been cut down or sprayed. The plant is also known to be toxic to other livestock and humans. In the rural areas of the Sydney Region, Green Cestrum infestations affect agricultural industries and alluvial floodplains. It is often found along watercourses and in non-crop areas where it grows in small to medium-sized thickets.

(1)http://www.sydneyweeds.org.au/docs/Sydney-Green-Cestrum-Plan-06-11.pdf [26 Dec 2007]

4.01

(1)Cestrum L. "unarmed shrubs. trees, or rarely vines. pubescence of simple, branched, or stellate hairs, sometimes glandular.

(1)Benitez de Rojas, C. and W. G. D'Arcy. 1998. The Genera Cestrum and Sessea (Solanaceae: Cestreae) in Venezuela. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(2): 273-351.

4.02

Unknown.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

Unknown. Probably palatable to animals, although highly toxic. Other species of Cestrum eaten by animals. (1)Holstein-Friesian cattle which are tethered to road sides will try to reach the leaves of a Cestrum bush nearby and browse on its leaves. (2)According to Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk dama de noche is toxic to stock. They quote Chase and Walsh, who report that cuttings, when eaten by animals, may produce poisoning. The symptoms are dullness, tachycardia, high temperature suppression of urine, and slowing of the respiratory rate. Death occurs with coma after slight convulsions. Chase stares that in experiments the plant does not always poison stock; he considers it toxic only when dry. He states also that cattle will not eat the plant when it is given.

(1)Seifert, H.S.H. 1996. Tropical Animal Health. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. (2)http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/d/dama%20de%20noche.pdf

4.05

(1)Danger: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested. (2)Although the leaves and fruit are used medicinally in México, they are reputedly poisonous to livestock and should not be eaten by humans. (3)Poisonous berries and rotting vegetation may affect native fauna. (4)Cestrum nocturnum (night-blooming jessamine) (Fig. 9-1B), C. aurantiacum (Fig. 9-1C), and C. parqui (green cestrum, willow-leafed jessamine) cause toxicity in livestock through the action of atropine-like alkaloids that are common in the family Solanaceae

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2128/ [13 Dec 2007] (2)Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007] (4)http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Knight/chap9/IVIS.pdf [26 Dec 2007]

4.06

Unknown if host to any significant pests or pathogens. (1)Cestrum nocturnum is a host plant for the pink hibiscus mealybug.

(1)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/phmb/downloads/phmhosts.pdf [26 Dec 2007]

4.07

(1)All parts of the plant are toxic, especially the fruit, and can cause elevated temperature, rapid pulse, excess salivation and gastritis. The nocturnal fragrance can cause difficulty in breathing, irritation of the nose and throat, sneezing, intense headache, nausea and dizziness. Respiratory symptoms have also been reported from close proximity to the flowers. (2)Toxicity: The far reaching fragrance of flowers can cause severe headache, nausea, depression, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, uneasiness and respiratory irritation to sensitive person. The fruit is said to be poisonous.

(1)http://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/plants_fungi/nibl_jessamine.asp [26 Dec 2007] (2)Apollo, M., S. K. Dash and S. Padhy. 2006. Eco-Consciousness for Poisonous and Injurious Plants Among Urban Dwellers of Bhubaneswar, Orissa. J. Hum. Ecol., 19(4): 239-248.

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade (2)Light: For best performance, night blooming jessamine should be grown in full to filtered sun. It tolerates light shade, but blooms best in good sun. (3)Environmental impact: Tolerates shade. Invasive in wetter forests.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2128/ [13 Dec 2007] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cestrum.cfm [13 Dec 2007]

4.1

(1)Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) (2)Night blooming jessamine grows best in light, sandy soil. It is not salt tolerant, but is otherwise adaptable to a variety of conditions and usually requires little care except for frost protection. (3)Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Clay Loam

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2128/ [13 Dec 2007] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cestrum.cfm [13 Dec 2007] (3)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_8cd3.html [26 Dec 2007]

4.11

(1)Shrubs or small trees 2-4 m tall.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)Produces many long-lived and widely dispersed seeds, and forms dense, shady masses. Likes damp conditions, is moderate to highly shade tolerant and grows in most soil types. Poisonous, not grazed. What damage does it do? : Forms dense (occasionally pure) stands in forest understorey, preventing the establishment of native plant seedlings.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Solanaceae

5.03

Solanaceae

5.04

Not a geophyte.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1)Propagation Methods: From seed; stratify if sowing indoors (2)Propagate by seeds and cuttings.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2128/ [13 Dec 2007] (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland.

6.03

No evidence of natural hybridization. (1)Cestrum nocturnum x diurnum: Jasmine, Hybrid. Scandant shrub with abundant clusters of lightly fragrant yellow tubular flowers. Mysteriously much hardier than supposed parent species in zone 8 where it remains a woody shrub. Might be trained on a trellis.

(1)http://www.woodlanders.net/index.cfm?fuseaction=plants.plantDetail&plant_id=878 [28 Dec 2007]

6.04

(1)Abstract: This study was carried out in Kibale Forest National Park to identify the insect species that pollinate Cestrum nocturnum.and its breeding system. It was also done to determine whether there is a relationship between the amount of nectar produced, nectar sugar concentration and insect species visitation at different times of the day. The result showed that the plant is partially selfing and out crossing. It was further revealed that all flower visitors were moths (nine species). The visitation was only during night time which coincided with the time flowers are open and producing a strong sweet scent. A regression analysis showed that nectar production and sugar concentration of the flower was significantly related to time of the day.

(1)Yifru, D.M. and A. Henry. 2002. An investigation into the pollination mechanism of Cestrum nocturnum. Abstracts from TBA Uganda project reports on plant ecology: pollination 1998-current.

6.05

(1)This plant, which is a semi-tropical shrub native to islands in the Caribbean, is pollinated by a night-flying insect, obviously attracted to it by
its fragrance. Plants grown in insect-free greenhouses, although exhibiting the same cycles of flowering and odor, never form seed due to the absence of pollinating insects. (2)Abstract: This study was carried out in Kibale Forest National Park to identify the insect species that pollinate Cestrum nocturnum.and its breeding system. It was also done to determine whether there is a relationship between the amount of nectar produced, nectar sugar concentration and insect species visitation at different times of the day. The result showed that the plant is partially selfing and out crossing. It was further revealed that all flower visitors were moths (nine species). The visitation was only during night time which coincided with the time flowers are open and producing a strong sweet scent. A regression analysis showed that nectar production and sugar concentration of the flower was significantly related to time of the day.

(1)Overland, L., 1960. Endogenous rhythm in opening and odor of flowers of Cestrum nocturnum. American Journal of Botany 47(5): 378–382. (2) Yifru, D.M. and A. Henry. 2002. An investigation into the pollination mechanism of Cestrum nocturnum. Abstracts from TBA Uganda project reports on plant ecology: pollination 1998-current.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1)Growing from seeds perhaps you'll get flowers on the second year, if you've gave it the right conditions.

(1)http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/forums/showthread.php?t=32540 [28 Dec 2007]

7.01

Unintentional soil movement in New Zealand (small seeds). (1)How does it spread? : Birds, flooding, soil movement, and vegetation dumping. Very common in gardens.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

7.02

(1)Cestrum nocturnum is cultivated as an ornamental for the nocturnal fragrance of its flowers.

(1)Benitez de Rojas, C. and W. G. D'Arcy. 1998. The Genera Cestrum and Sessea (Solanaceae: Cestreae) in Venezuela. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(2): 273-351.

7.03

No evidence.

7.04

(1) Fruit is a fleshy, white berry.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1)How does it spread? : Birds, flooding, soil movement, and vegetation dumping. Very common in gardens.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

7.06

(1)How does it spread? : Birds, flooding, soil movement, and vegetation dumping. Very common in gardens.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

7.07

Fleshy fruit with no mechanism for external attachment.

7.08

Probably, but no other information on gut passage.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Possibly. (1)Why is it weedy? : Produces many long-lived and widely dispersed seeds...Stems resprout and bared areas are reinfested by seed bank.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

8.03

(1)Management: Katie Cassel (Kökee Museum) reports good control with triclopyr ester at 20% in crop oil applied basal bark. Probably sensitive to foliar applications of triclopyr. (2)What can I do to get rid of it? : Hard to distinguish from many native species (apart from foul smell), so best controlled when in flower. Wear gloves when handling. 1. Pull out small plants (all year round.), leave to Leave on site to rot down. 2. Cut down and paint stump (all year round): Tordon Brushkiller (100ml/L) or triclopyr 600 EC (100ml/L) or Yates Hydrocotyle Killer (500ml/L). 3. Spray (spring-summer): triclopyr 600 EC (30ml/10L) or Yates Hydrocotyle Killer (15ml/L).

(1)Motooka, P., Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawai‘i’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu. (2)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

8.04

(1)Stems resprout and bared areas are reinfested by seed bank.

(1)http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=46 [26 Dec 2007]

8.05

Unknown