Centella asiatica (L.) Family - Apiaceae. Common Names(s) - Asiatic pennywort, gotu kola, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, sheep-rot Synonym(s) - Hydrocotyle asiatica, Hydrocotyle erecta, Centella coriacea.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication that reduces invasive characteristics. (1) Centella asiatica has been used for several centuries in folk medicine.

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Widespread in tropic, subtropic & warm-temperate regions. (2) Centella asiatica is native to India, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Australia, Medagascar, and Southern and Central Africa.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9831 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76.

2.02

(1) Widespread in tropic, subtropic & warm-temperate regions. (2) Centella asiatica is native to India, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Australia, Medagascar, and Southern and Central Africa.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9831 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76.

2.03

(1) Centella asiatica is a perennial medicinal herb found throughout India in moist places up to an altitude of 1800 m. (2) Centella asiatica grow up to the altitude of 2,000 m in India. (3) Bog habitats. (4) Centella asiatica grows wild under a wide-range of climatic conditions, but is more abundant in secondary-succession communities. In the wild the plant is found in wet or moist soils of marshes, bogs, and swamps and along the margins of lakes, ponds, streams, irrigation and drainage canals, and bunts of irrigated paddy fields.

(1) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76. (2) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23]. (4) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

2.04

(1) Widespread in tropic, subtropic & warm-temperate regions. (2) Centella asiatica is native to India, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Australia, Madagascar, and Southern and Central Africa. (3) Naturalized on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Ni‘ihau and Kaho‘olawe

2.05

(1) Centella asiatica is an important medicinal herb that is widely used in the Orient and is becoming popular in the West.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23].

3.01

(1) "Centella asiatica became adventitious in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, S. Brazil, USA, Caribbean, Central & S. Africa and Australia." (2) Naturalized in the Marquesas Islands. (3) Naturalized in Madagascar. (4) "In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in a wide range of habitats including meadows, ditches, bogs and wet forest."

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora/results.cfm?genus=Centella&specificepithet=asiatica&rank=&epithet1= [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=200015478 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (4) Wagner, W, Herbst, L., Sohmer, D.R. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp.

3.02

(1) Centella asiatica is commonly found as a weed in crop fields and other waste places throughout India. [no control efforts mentioned.].

(1) http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=136&articleid=1799&action=article [Cited 2009 November 23].

3.03

(1) Centella asiatica is a weed of rice fields in Vietnam. [no specific control methods or economic costs mentioned].(2) Centella asiatica is commonly found as a weed in crop fields and other waste places throughout India. [no control efforts mentioned.].

(1) http://www2.hu-berlin.de/agrar/ntoe/asia/lectures-phil/crop-prod/07/baki-2000.pdf#page=25 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=136&articleid=1799&action=article [Cited 2009 November 23].

3.04

(1) Centella asiatica may be invasive at two study sites in the bog vegetation of Haleakala National Park, Maui. [no control mentioned].

(1) http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/5891/3/078.pdf.txt [Cited 2009 November 23].

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.02

Unknown (1) "A laboratory study was conducted to determine the allelopathic effects of H. asiatica [Centella asiatica] leaf water extract and leaf leachate (both at different concentrations 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10) on C. arietinum seed germination and growth. Allelopathic effects of leaf water extract was more inhibitory than the leaf leachate. The highest germination and growth (100%) of seeds were observed in the control. However, in leachate solution, the highest germination and growth of seeds of C. arietinum were 88% compared to the control solution."

(1) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=9&sid=9e7ad157-d0fe-48ee-ace8-0f77ebd6f36c%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20053061724[Cited 2009 November 23].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.04

(1) This study on the effect of cattle grazing on diversity in subtropical grasslands demonstrated that Centella asiatica declined with grazing.

(1) Mcintyre, S., Heard, K.M., Martin, T.G. 2003. The relative importance of cattle grazing in subtropical grasslands: does it reduce or enhance plant biodiversity. Journal of Applied Ecology. 40:445-457.

4.05

(1) Centella asiatica is used for dysentery in cattle in India (leaves and extract). (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd16/8/arun16059.htm [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.06

Unknown (1) Centella asiatica is a host for Cochliobolus geniculatus. (2) Centella asiatica has few reported pest and disease problems under intensive commercial cultivation. Pseudomonassolanacearum has been reported in Sri Lanka. C. asiatica is a host for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and X. campestris f.sp. centellae.

(1) Reddy, M.N., Rao, A.S. 1975. A new leaf spot disease of Centella asiatica. Current Science. 44 (6):206-207. (2) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

4.07

(1) Centella asiatica is an important medicinal plant in India. "The plant possesses antileprotic, antistress, antitumour antifilarial, antiulcerogenic, antibacterial, antifungal and wound healing properties and is used as atonic in Ayurvedic formulations. Tribals of north-east India use the paste of leaves with pepper and salt to cool down the body heat and administer leaf paste on an empty stomach for cure of dysentery." (2) Medicinal herb that is considered to maintain youthful vigour and strength. "The whole plant is reported to be a nervine and cardiotonic capable of improving memory power, physical strength, voice, complexion and digestive power." (3) Centella asiatica is widely used for wounds. There have been occasional reports of sensitiaztion from topical use, the risk of sensitization is rare.

(1) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76. (2) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) Lovell, C.R. 1996. Current topics in plant dermatitis. Seminars in Dermatology. 15 (2):113-121.

4.08

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.09

(1) Prefers sunshine. (2) Part-shade to sunshine.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cent_asi.cfm [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.10

(1) "The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils." Requires moist or wet soils. (2) This study indicates that Centella asiatica maximizes growth and yield in habitat with sandy loam soil rather than clay.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) Devkota, A., Jha, P.K. 2009. Variation in growth of Centella asiatica along different soil composition. Botany Research International 2 (1):55-60.

4.11

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

4.12

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

5.01

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent. [terrestrial].

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

5.02

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent. Apiaceae.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

5.03

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

5.04

(1) Slender, prostrate or creeping perennial herb. Stem glabrous rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate or dentate, base cordate and often lobed, long petioled, basally 5-7 nerved, smooth on the upper surface and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, flowers small, brownish in axillary few-flowered umbels. Fruits oblong, laterally compressed 2 seeded, indehiscent.

(1) http://www.allianceingredients.com/pdfdocs/CENTELLA.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

6.01

No evidence. (1) Centella asiatica is a wide-spread species with high reproductive potential.

(1) http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final.MATE.Medicinal.pdf [Cited 2009 November 23].

6.02

(1) Centella asiatica reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. Severe competition exists between ramets and seedlings. Seedling mortality is high in natural settings. Ramets play an important role in population maintenance in nature.

(1) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) Self-fertile. (2) Self-fertile.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23].(2) http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/questions-answers/12191-centella-asiatica-cultivation.html [Cited 2009 November 23].

6.05

(1) Insect pollinators. (2) Pollinated by insects.

(1) Bernardello, G., Anderson, G.T., Stuessy, T.F., Crawford, D.J. 2001. A survey of floral traits, breeding systems, floral visitors, and pollination systems of the angiosperms of the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile). Botanical Review. 67 (3):255-308. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23].

6.06

(1) Centella asiatica reproduces both vegetatively and sexually.

(1) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76.

6.07

(1) "It grows and spreads very well outdoors during the summer in most parts of the country and is very easy to increase by division. It can therefore be grown as a summer crop with divisions being taken during the growing season and overwintered in a greenhouse in case the outdoor plants are killed by winter cold."

(1) http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/questions-answers/12191-centella-asiatica-cultivation.html [Cited 2009 November 23].

7.01

(1) In the wild the plant is found in wet or moist soils of marshes, bogs, and swamps and along the margins of lakes, ponds, streams, irrigation and drainage canals, and bunts of irrigated paddy fields.(2) Centella asiatica is a weed of rice fields in Vietnam. (3) Centella asiatica is commonly found as a weed in crop fields and other waste places throughout India.

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18. (2) http://www2.hu-berlin.de/agrar/ntoe/asia/lectures-phil/crop-prod/07/baki-2000.pdf#page=25 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=136&articleid=1799&action=article [Cited 2009 November 23].

7.02

(1) Centella asiatica is an indigenous leafy herbs whose consumption is increasing in Sri Lanka. (2) Centella asiatica is an important medicinal herb that is widely used in the Orient and is becoming popular in the West. (3) Centella asiatica is of considerable importance as a commercial vegetable in Bangladesh, Thailand, Madagascar, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.

(1) http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=752_34 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Centella+asiatica [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

7.03

(1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced. (2) Centella asiatica is a weed of rice fields in Vietnam. [no specific control methods or economic costs mentioned]. (3) Centella asiatica is commonly found as a weed in crop fields and other waste places throughout India. [no mention of crop contamination].

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18. (2) http://www2.hu-berlin.de/agrar/ntoe/asia/lectures-phil/crop-prod/07/baki-2000.pdf#page=25 [Cited 2009 November 23]. (3) http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=136&articleid=1799&action=article [Cited 2009 November 23].

7.04

(1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced. [no adaptation for wind dispersal].

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

7.05

(1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced. Centella asiatica grows wild under a wide-range of climatic conditions, but is more abundant in secondary-succession communities. In the wild the plant is found in wet or moist soils of marshes, bogs, and swamps and along the margins of lakes, ponds, streams, irrigation and drainage canals, and bunts of irrigated paddy fields. [distribution along waterways].

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

7.06

(1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced. [not adapted to bird dispersal].

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

7.07

[no means of attachment] (1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced.

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

7.08

Unknown (1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced.

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

8.01

(1)" Inflorescences of one to four simple umbels per node contain on to four flowers per umbel and form throughout the growing season. The fruits are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long and 3 to 5mm broad." The plant relies primarily on vegetative reproduction although seeds are produced.

(1) Peiris, K.H.S., Kays, S.J. 1996. Asiatic pennywort [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.]: a little-known vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology 6 (1):13-18.

8.02

Unknown. (1) Seeds of Centella asiatica were found in the seedbank of three Carolina bays.

(1) Poiani, K.A., Dixon, P.M. 1995. Seed banks of Carolina Bays: potential contributions from surrounding landscape vegetation. American Midland Naturalist. 134 (1):140-154.

8.03

(1) "Experiments were conducted to screen suitable pre- and post-emergence herbicides and determine their appropriate dosage and time of application to control weeds, promote yield of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and increase the net income of farmers. Herbicide screening studies revealed that glyphosate and fluazifop-butyl [fluazifop-P] as post-emergence herbicides, and linuron, alachlor, diuron, napropamide and oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence herbicides exhibited no toxic effects on gotu kola."

(1) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=14&hid=9&sid=9e7ad157-d0fe-48ee-ace8-0f77ebd6f36c%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20013075574 [Cited 2009 November 23].

8.04

(1) Centella asiatica reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. (2) In this study, Centella asiatica is one of the species that contributed the most to the total herbage yield after 20 years of repeated burning.

(1) Singh, P., Singh, J.S. 2002. Recruitment and competitive interaction between ramets and seedlings in a perennial medicinal herb, Centella asiatica. Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (1):65-76. (2) Lewis, C.E., Harshbarger, T.J. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management. 29 (1):13-18.

8.05

Unknown