Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 2
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar, mexican cedar, Barbados cedar) Family - Meliaceae. Synonyms: Cedrela mexicana, Cedrela glaziovii. | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 4 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 10 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | n | -1 |
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | y | -1 |
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | n | -1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 2 | ||
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence. | |
| 1.02 | naturalized in tropical Affica, s.e. United States, & Galapagos Is. | (1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Mauchamp, A. 1996. Threats from Alien Plant Species in the Galapagos Islands. Conservation Biology. 11(1): 260-263. |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | (1)Native to Northern and Southern America. (2)Cedro is a tree of the New World tropics, appearing in forests of moist and seasonally dry Subtropical or Tropical life zones from latitude 26° N. on the Pacific coast of Mexico, throughout Central America and the West Indies, to the lowlands and foothills of most of South America up to 1200 m (about 4,000 ft) altitude, finding its southern limit at about latitude 28° S. in Argentina (12,55). | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1) 'Cedro is a climatic generalist, found over a wide geographic range of
warm latitudinal belts, from Subtropical Dry Forest (wet transitional part)
in Mexico and parts of the West Indies, through Subtropical Moist Forest to
Subtropical Wet Forest in the West Indies and Central America, to Tropical
Moist and Wet and Tropical Premontane Moist and Wet life zones in the
equatorial regions (24). It is most abundant in the lowlands and foothills
(other species, C. montana and C. lilloi, replace it at higher elevations)
in moist forests. Its distribution is within the frost-free tropics for the
most part, although it has been collected at latitudes 26° N. and 28° S.,
where occasional light frosts can be expected (26,55). Mean temperatures of
23° to 26° C (73° to 79° F) are found in the Caribbean part of its range; in
tropical South America mean temperature is slightly higher, 28° C (82° F),
with a mean minimum of 23° C (73° F) and a mean maximum of 32° C (90° F). At
the southern limit of its range in Argentina the mean temperature is 24° C
(75° F); mean maximum temperature is 30° C (86° F) and mean minimum is 18° C
(64° F) (16,34,60).' (2) Altitude range: 0 - 1500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1200 - 2500 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; uniform - Dry season duration: 2 - 4 months - Mean annual temperature: 20 - 32ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 27 - 36ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 11 - 22ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -1ºC |
(1)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm (2)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 2.04 | (1)Native to Northern and Southern America. (2)Cedro is a tree of the New World tropics, appearing in forests of moist and seasonally dry Subtropical or Tropical life zones from latitude 26° N. on the Pacific coast of Mexico, throughout Central America and the West Indies, to the lowlands and foothills of most of South America up to 1200 m (about 4,000 ft) altitude, finding its southern limit at about latitude 28° S. in Argentina (12,55). | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 2.05 | 'It is widely planted throughout the tropics …' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 3.01 | (1) 'Today, 2.5% of the alien species, 5.6% of the naturalized alien species, are actually aggressive and represent a serious threat to native ecosystems. These invasive species which are only present on inhabited islands are Psidium guajava, … Cedrela odorata, Eugenia jamabos, Passiflora edulis and Cestrum aurculatum.' 'Today two of the invasive species are still planted despite their known behavior, Pennisetum purpureum for pasture and the fast growing tree Cedrela odorata for its wood (its light, wind-borne seeds facilitate colonization of park areas).' (2)naturalized in tropical Affica, s.e. United States, & Galapagos Is. | Mauchamp, A. 1996. Threats from Alien Plant Species in the Galapagos Islands. Conservation Biology. 11(1): 260-263. |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | (1)An invasive species in South Africa. (2)'Today, 2.5% of the alien species, 5.6% of the naturalized alien species, are actually aggressive and represent a serious threat to native ecosystems. These invasive species which are only present on inhabited islands are Psidium guajava, … Cedrela odorata, Eugenia jamabos, Passiflora edulis and Cestrum aurculatum.' 'Today two of the invasive species are still planted despite their known behavior, Pennisetum purpureum for pasture and the fast growing tree Cedrela odorata for its wood (its light, wind-borne seeds facilitate colonization of park areas).' | (1)http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=343&fr=1&sts= (2)Mauchamp, A. 1996. Threats from Alien Plant Species in the Galapagos Islands. Conservation Biology. 11(1): 260-263. |
| 3.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 |
The following fungi species were listed to be associated with Cedrela
odorata.
Armillaria mellea (armillaria root rot) fungus Pythium ultimum fungus Coptotermes elisae insect Diaprepes abbreviatus (citrus weevil) insect Hypsipyla grandella (mahogany shoot borer) insect Sematoneura grijpmani insect Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer) insect Xylosandrus morigerus (brown twig beetle) insect [No evidence that the above are economic pests]. |
Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Probably not - a large evergreen tree. Rainfall requirement 1200 to 2500 mm - so inhabits relatively wet areas. | |
| 4.09 | 'Early development of the seedling is rapid as long as moisture and light are adequate (5,46,62). Shade-grown seedlings saturate photosynthetically at low intensities and are shade tolerant, but sun-grown seedlings require high light intensities for best growth (27,28,29). Shade-grown seedlings are susceptible to sunscald and subsequent insect attack when moved to sun ... Early growth is vigorous under partial shade, when the shootborer attack is not severe Early growth is vigorous under partial shade, when the shootborer attack is not severe.' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 4.1 |
(1)'Cedro is always found naturally on well-drained soils, often but not
exclusively on limestone; it tolerates a long dry season but does not
flourish in areas of rainfall greater than about 3000 mm (120 in) or on
sites with heavy or waterlogged soils …' (2) 'Cedro may be exacting in its
soil requirements but these are still imperfectly understood. In the West
Indies it is most commonly found on limestone-derived clay soils (23,35,47),
but it also grows on well-drained sites over acid soils derived from
volcanic rock (Ultisols). The common denominator appears to be drainage and
aeration of the soil (24,52,63), not soil pH (40,64,65). In Trinidad the one
factor common to all sites supporting good growth was good surface drainage
(10,40). In Mexico and Central America, cedro is likewise common on
well-drained soils and ruins (48). Soil fertility may also be important, as
in some tests cedro grew better in soil enriched with the burned remains of
secondary forest (10,58). No definitive studies of nutrient requirements
beyond the seedling stage have been performed (5,63). Symptoms of stress due
to poor soils are burned appearance of roots, development of "weeping
willow" form in saplings (leaves become thin and drooping) or loss of leaves
at irregular intervals during the wet season.' (3)- Soil texture: light;
medium; heavy - Soil drainage: free; seasonally waterlogged - Soil reaction: neutral - Special soil tolerances: shallow |
(1)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm (3)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.11 | Cedro is a large tree upto 40 m tall and 2 m in diameter. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | Cedro is a large tree upto 40 m tall and 2 m in diameter. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | No evidence | |
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | 'Cedro's reproductive cycle is synchronized with the growing season of the site; throughout its range it flowers at the beginning of the rainy season: May to August in Mexico, the ,,West Indies, and northern South America (4,30,48); September to October in Argentina (34). ' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 6.02 | 'Germination begins with the onset of the rainy season and is epigeous. Vigorous germination is the rule, with seed viability reportedly up to 90 percent (40). No seed dormancy period is known. Germination is rapid, usually completed within 2 to 4 weeks (37,38).' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 6.03 | 'A note on observations made for a 7-yr period in young plantations of a natural Cedrela hybrid (C. odorata x C. cubensis) at three sites in Cuba. Initially, the trees were heavily attacked by H. grandella, but after a few years the attack decreased, and the trees appeared to become tolerant or resistant.' | Cedrela hybrids resistant to Hypsipyla grandella . / Hibridos de Cedrela resistentes a Hypsipyla grandella By: Marquetti, J. R.; Revista Forestal Baracoa 20 (1), 1990, p.97-101 (Journal article) [CAB abstract]. |
| 6.04 | 'Trees are monoecious; male and female flowers are borne on the same inflorescence but the species is proterogynous (female flowers open first).' [Proterogynous flowers indicates a mechanism to enhance cross pollination but don’t know if the species can self- delayed selfing?]. | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 6.05 | No evidence of specialist pollinators. Trees are monoecious, with small, five-part, symmetrical greenish-white proterogynous flowers. | http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 6.06 | Cedro does not coppice readily nor produce root suckers' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 6.07 | 'Fruit development takes about 9 or 10 months and fruits ripen during the next dry season. Trees begin to fruit at an age of 10 to 12 years.' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.02 | 'It is widely planted throughout the tropics and its timber is well known for its use in cigar boxes and a broad range of other products, including musical instruments. It is also occasionally planted for shade and used as an ornamental tree on roadsides and in parks. C. odorata has great potential as a plantation species, due to its fast growing and timber producing characteristics. It is also used as an agroforestry species in cocoa and coffee plantations.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 7.03 | '...seeds flat, chestnut-brown, about 25 mm long and 6-7 mm broad.' [Probably not - relatively large seeds]. | http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=343&fr=1&sts= |
| 7.04 | ' The fruit, a large woody capsule, is borne near branch tips. Fruits ripen, split, and shed seeds while still attached to the parent tree. Fruits open from the top downward to release 40 to 50 winged seeds when ripe. … Seeds are 20 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1.0 in) long, wing included, and are wind dispersed. ' | http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm |
| 7.05 | ||
| 7.06 | ||
| 7.07 | No evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.08 | Probably not - no evidence of ingestion by animals. | |
| 8.01 | '...seeds flat, chestnut-brown, about 25 mm long and 6-7 mm broad.' [Probably not - relatively large seeds]. | http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=343&fr=1&sts= |
| 8.02 | (1) 'They lose viability quickly if not stored very dry at reduced temperatures. Germination begins with the onset of the rainy season and is epigeous. Vigorous germination is the rule, with seed viability reportedly up to 90 percent. No seed dormancy period is known. Germination is rapid, usually completed within 2 to 4 weeks.' (2)Seed storage orthodox. [Evidence suggests that no seed bank is formed]. | (1)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm (2)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 8.03 |
Management information Chemical: In the Galapogos hack and squirt application of 50% Tordon 22K has been found successful (Gardener, 2002). |
http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=343&fr=1&sts= |
| 8.04 | (1) 'Cedro does not coppice readily nor produce root suckers; it is not fire resistant (5,40). It is capable of pollard regrowth (partial terminal regrowth after moderate wind damage or partial dieback) if the tree is well established. It can be grafted and air-layered.' (2)- Tolerates drought; fire; wind; shade; frost; termites - Ability to pollard. | (1)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm (2)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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