Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pavón Family - Cyclanthaceae. Common Names(s) - Panama hat plant, Toquilla. Synonym(s) - Carludovica incisa Wendl.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Riffle, R. L. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native from Guatemala to Bolivia; introduced in the West Indies. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro,

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

2.02

(1)Native from Guatemala to Bolivia; introduced in the West Indies. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro,

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

2.03

(1)Zone 11; marginal in zone 10b

(1)Riffle, R. L. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland.

2.04

(1)Native from Guatemala to Bolivia; introduced in the West Indies. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro,

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

2.05

(1)widely cultivated as ornamentals because of the palm-like form that gives a tropical look to a garden and are commonly planted in clumps under trees in the tropics. (2)Introduced range: Invasive in Samoa. Introduced but not invasive in Tanzania, Mexico, Micronesia, Polynesia and Cook Islands.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (2)http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Carludovica%20palmata.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2009]

3.01

(1)Carludovica palmata (Panama hat plant) was seen both cultivated and as small naturalized populations in the Vailima Reserve and the Alaoa area. It has the potential to spread more widely in the forest understory.

(1)Space, J. C. and T. Flynn. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)"In such areas, and especially on the promontories, the resultant erosion has created high banks with an almost constantly changing shoreline. This patter creates habitats for the more persistent invading herbs. Among the most common species found on steep eroded banks are the following:...Carludovica palmata...[native species, but invades disturbed habitats] (2)listed as a garden thug and weed in Puerto Rico, but see reference 3 & 4 (3)"occasionally planted for ornament and persistent after cultivation" [no evidence of weediness or negative impacts] (4)Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav., native of Peru, is occasionally planted for ornament in Puerto Rico [no evidence of negative impacts or weediness]

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/carludovica_palmata/ [Accessed 24 Nov 2009] (3)Liogier, A. H., and L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico. (4)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. and M. T. Strong. 2005. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 52: 1-415.

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/carludovica_palmata/ [Accessed 24 Nov 2009]

3.04

(1)Listed as an environmental weed, but supporting evidence only describes species as naturalized, without mention of any environmental impacts

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/carludovica_palmata/ [Accessed 24 Nov 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2009]

4.01

(1)No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.02

(1)widely cultivated as ornamentals because of the palm-like form that gives a tropical look to a garden and are commonly planted in clumps under trees in the tropics. [no evidence, well known plant widely cultivated]

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.03

(1)Palm-like tree, clump forming, to 3 m high (10 ft) or more.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.04

(1)APPENDIX 1. leaf bud of C. palmata listed as edible [for human consumption, unknown if plants are palatable to browsing animals]

(1)Van den Eynden, V., E. Cueva, and O. Cabrera. 2003. Wild Foods from Southern Ecuador. Economic Botany 57(4): 576-603.

4.05

(1)APPENDIX 1. leaf bud of C. palmata listed as edible [no evidence of toxicity] (2)In October-November 1993 and 1994, the time foraging on flowers increased because the group intensively foraged on inflorescences of Carludovica palmata (Cyclanthaceae).

(1)Van den Eynden, V., E. Cueva, and O. Cabrera. 2003. Wild Foods from Southern Ecuador. Economic Botany 57(4): 576-603. (2)Santamaría, M. and A. M. Franco. 2000. Frugivory of Salvin's Curassow in a Rainforest of the Colombian Amazon. The Wilson Bulletin 12(4): 473-481.

4.06

(1)The palm-like monocot Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae), from which Panama hats are traditionally made, is important to the rural economy of southern Mexico and other Latin American countries. A lethal decline of C. palmata plants was first recognized by farmers at Kalkini in the state of Campeche, Mexico, during 1994. Characterized by a progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weeks after the onset of this primary symptom. Annual losses estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population have since occurred in the vicinity of Kalkini, an area in which coconut lethal yellowing (LY) disease is also prevalent. The close proximity and superficially similar symptomatology of these two diseases suggested that both might share a common etiology. DNA samples were obtained from five diseased and five healthy C. palmata plants by small scale extraction of immature leaf bases and assessed for phytoplasma DNA by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at laboratories in Mérida, INIFAP/Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Nuevo León) and the University of Florida (Fort Lauderdale). Samples from symptomatic plants consistently tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7), which amplify a 1.8-kb phytoplasma rDNA product (4), and negative when LY-specific primers LYF1/LYR1 (1) or MMF/MMR (3) were used. No PCR products were evident when DNAs of symptomless plants were evaluated with these primer combinations. Fragment patterns resolved by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rDNA digested separately with either AluI, BamHI, BstUI, DdeI, DraI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, MspI, RsaI, Sau3AI, TaqI, or Tru9I endonucleases revealed no differences between phytoplasma isolates associated with five C. palmata plants. Collectively, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated with key enzymes AluI, BamHI, DraI, and HaeIII clearly differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasma from LY and other known phytoplasmas previously characterized by this means (2). A sequence homology of 99.21% between 16S rDNA of CPY (1,537 bp; GenBank accession, AF237615) and LY (1,524 bp; accession, U18747) indicated that these strains were very similar. This relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, which placed both strains into the same phytoplasma subclade. [apparently mostly restricted to C. palmata] (2)Few pests trouble it, although occasional infestations of scale or mealybugs can be treated with insecticides if needed.

(1)Cordova, I. and C. Oropeza. 2000. First Report of a Phytoplasma-Associated Leaf Yellowing Syndrome of Palma Jipi Plants in Southern México. Plant Disease 84: 807. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.07

(1)One of the most widely used plants in lowland Ecuador. Its value to the hat industry presently exceeds its considerable importance in the lives of indigenous inhabitants in Amazonia. Nonetheless, native crafts, roof thatch and edible shoots production could potentially exceed the return from the Panama hat industry. [no evidence despite widespread use for fiber and food]

(1)Bennett, B. C., R. Alarcón , C. Cerón. 1992. The Ethnobotany of Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 46(3): 233-240.

4.08

(1)The distribution of Carludovica ranges from Mexico to Bolivia. The plants occur in low to mid elevation wet forests and C. palmata Ruíz & Pavón is cultivated for fibre throughout northern South America [no evidence, from wet forest habitat]

(1)Franz, N. M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil–Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 483–517.

4.09

(1)Shade to partial shade (2)The species is rarely cultivated in Bolivia as villagers have had limited success due to the low survival rates of the plants. They tried growing them in the direct sun in monoculture plantations but many of the plants dehydrated due to a lack of shade. Some of the plants managed to grow but their leaves were much smaller than those of the wild plants that grow under the shade of the forest canopy

(1)Riffle, R. L. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland. (2)López, C., P. Shanley, and A. C. Fantini. 2004. Riches of the forest: Fruits, remedies and handicrafts in Latin America. Center for Internationa Forestry Research, Desa Putra, Indonesia.

4.10

(1)requires…well-drained, humus-rich soil and ample water.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.11

(1)Palm-like tree, clump forming, to 3 m high (10 ft) or more.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.12

(1)Swampy area with an understory dominated by the plant C. palmata. Found in poorly drained upland forest and generally small in size. May be a seral habitat (see text for discussion). Rare in Sucusari. [but no evidence that it forms dense thickets] (2)The plant forms dense, bushy clumps with short stems rising from creeping underground rhizomes.

(1)Michael Patrick Gilmore. 2005. AN ETHNOECOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF THE MAIJUNA INDIANS OF THE PERUVIAN AMAZON. PhD Dissertation. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. (2)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

5.02

(1)Cyclanthaceae

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

5.03

(1)Cyclanthaceae

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

5.04

(1)Palm-like tree, clump forming, to 3 m high (10 ft) or more.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

6.01

(1)No evidence of reproductive failure

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

6.02

(1)Propagate by seeds.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)In natural habitats of C. palmata (Colombia) numerous stingless bees (Meliponinae) were observed as pollen collectors at the inflorescences and were believed to be the pollinators of the entomophilous flowers. Male flowers surround female ones on the spadix in a regular fashion. At first, the filiform, strongly scented staminodia of the female flowers unfold. After they have dropped, the anthers open, and finally the male flowers fall to ground. Only then, the stigmata of the female flowers are exposed. Previous literature references on proterogyny and the drying-up of the stigmata prior to the male phase in Carludovica are in conflict with these observations on the course of anthesis and pollination. (2)As in the majority of species of Cyclanthaceae the inflorescences are protogynous yet display facultative geitonogamy (Eriksson, 1994a). [Geitonogamy is the pollination of a flower with the pollen from another flower on the same flowering plant.

(1)Schremmer, F. 1982. Flowering and Flower Visitors in Carludovica palmata (Cyclanthaceae) -- an Ecological Paradox. Plant Systematics and Evolution 140(2-3): 95-107. (2)Franz, N. M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil–Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 483–517.

6.05

(1)Beetles reportedly pollinate the flowers. (2)With the ‘exception’ of Cyclanthus, which is pollinated by scarab beetles (Beach, 1982; but see also Franz, 2003b), all extant species of Cyclanthaceae are pollinated by derelomine flower weevils, and exclusively so (Harling, 1958; Gottsberger, 1990; Eriksson, 1994a, b; Seres & Ramírez, 1995; Franz, 2003b). Because the plants of Carludovica will typically reproduce sexually (Harling, 1958), the hypothesis of pollination by derelomines as the ancestral condition is supported by ecological and phylogenetic evidence.

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY. (2)Franz, N. M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil–Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 483–517.

6.06

(1)Caludovica palmata, the most common species in genus, is a palm-like plant, which grows in moist or wet soils, usually in open areas. Above ground stems are not evident. The plant's rhizomatous habit produces large clumps. The rhizomatous connections between clumps often detach, especially in areas subject to flooding or other disturbances. (2)stems creeping, (+ or -) underground

(1)Bennett, B. C., R. Alarcón , C. Cerón. 1992. The Ethnobotany of Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 46(3): 233-240. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.07

(1)Moderate growth rate [time to reproductive maturity unknown]

(1)Clay, H. F., J. C. Hubbard, and R. Golt. 1987. Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.01

(1)Ants and rain disperse the seeds [no evidence, or means of external attachment]

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY.

7.02

(1)widely cultivated as ornamentals because of the palm-like form that gives a tropical look to a garden and are commonly planted in clumps under trees in the tropics.

(1)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

7.03

(1)Ants and rain disperse the seeds. [no evidence that fruits/seeds contaminate produce]

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY.

7.04

(1)Ants and rain disperse the seeds.

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY.

7.05

(1)Ants and rain disperse the seeds. (2)Caludovica palmata, the most common species in genus, is a palm-like plant, which grows in moist or wet soils, usually in open areas. Above ground stems are not evident. The plant's rhizomatous habit produces large clumps. The rhizomatous connections between clumps often detach, especially in areas subject to flooding or other disturbances.

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY. (2)Bennett, B. C., R. Alarcón , C. Cerón. 1992. The Ethnobotany of Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 46(3): 233-240.

7.06

(1)Fruits are mostly bird dispersed, perhaps except for Cyclanthus, but they may also be taken by lizards, mammals, and perhaps even ants (van der Pijl, 1968). Fruits of Cardulovica palmata are eaten by the bat Micronycteris hirsuta (Phyllostomidae) (Wilson, 1971( and by the tamarin (Hladik & Hladik, 1969). [but see ref.2] (2)Table 2. Viability of seeds (other than Cecropia) recovered from varios portions of the alimentary tract of birds in Panama [table lists that viable C. palmata seeds germinated from Dusky-faced tanager] (3)Berries produced separately or in concrescent sheets of fleshy tissue.

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Olson, S. L. and K.. E. Blum. 1968. Avian dispersal of plants in Panama. Ecology 49: 565-566. (3)Svenson, H. K. 1943. Flora of Panama. Part II. Fascicle II. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 30(3): 281-325+327-403.

7.07

(1)Ants and rain disperse the seeds.

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Inc., New York, NY.

7.08

(1)Fruits are mostly bird dispersed, perhaps except for Cyclanthus, but they may also be taken by lizards, mammals, and perhaps even ants (van der Pijl, 1968). Fruits of Cardulovica palmata are eaten by the bat Micronycteris hirsuta (Phyllostomidae) (Wilson, 1971( and by the tamarin (Hladik & Hladik, 1969). [apparently animal dispersed, but not by birds]

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

8.01

(1)Peduncles slender, about 20-45 cm. long; spathes usually 4, congested immediately below the spadix, 30-50 cm. long, the outer green, frequently with foliaceous, palmate appendages, the inner creamy white and petalaceous; spadix narrowly cylindrical, 10-12 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick; fruiting perigonial lobes deltoid-trigonal, 1.0-1.5 mm. long, about as long as the pistils. [unlikely, given relatively small inflorescence size]

(1)Svenson, H. K. 1943. Flora of Panama. Part II. Fascicle II. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 30(3): 281-325+327-403.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no information found on control of species]

8.04

(1)The rhizomatous connections between clumps often detach, especially in areas subject to flooding or other disturbances. [probably could spread by fragments if cut into pieces]

(1)Bennett, B. C., R. Alarcón , C. Cerón. 1992. The Ethnobotany of Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 46(3): 233-240.

8.05

(1)Few pests trouble it, although occasional infestations of scale or mealybugs can be treated with insecticides if needed.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.