Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ardisia elliptica

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

Total score:

11

Source

Notes

1.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

1.02

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

It has naturalized in Hawaii, Southern Florida, Okinawa and Jamaica.

1.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

2.01

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

A. elliptica is native to the west coast of India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and New Guinea. It has naturalized in Hawaii, Southern Florida, Okinawa and Jamaica.

2.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

2.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.933; http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

5-550 m in Kauai; tropical/subtropical distribution

2.04

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

It has naturalized in Hawaii, Southern Florida, Okinawa and Jamaica.

2.05

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

Hawaii, Southern Florida, Okinawa and Jamaica.

3.01

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

(1)naturalized in disturbed hala forest, mesic forest and lower portion of wet forest (2)Naturalized in Jamaica, forming secondary thickets in moderately wet places (Adams 1972). Introduced to Florida for ornament by 1900 (Gordon and Thomas 1997). Noted as escaping cultivation in south Florida (Small 1933, Morton 1976, Austin 1978). In Miami-Dade County, now abundant in hammocks, old fields, disturbed wetlands, and tree islands in marshes, forming dense single-species stands in forest understories and crowding out native plants (R. Hammer, Miami-Dade County Natural Resources Department, 1996 personal communication). Also invading cypress and mangrove areas along the New River in Broward County (e.g., Secret Woods preserve). Has become a target of eradication by natural resource managers for Miami-Dade and Broward County Parks and Everglades National Park (M. McMahon, Biological and Environmental Consulting, 1996 personal communication).

3.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.933

naturalized in disturbed hala forest, mesic forest and lower portion of wet forest

3.03

3.04

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.933 (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/ardell.pdf (3)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ard_ell.htm (4)http://www.hawaii.edu/ehso/bio/weedlist.pdf

(1)naturalized in disturbed hala forest, mesic forest and lower portion of wet forest (2)Naturalized in Jamaica, forming secondary thickets in moderately wet places (Adams 1972). Introduced to Florida for ornament by 1900 (Gordon and Thomas 1997). Noted as escaping cultivation in south Florida (Small 1933, Morton 1976, Austin 1978). In Miami-Dade County, now abundant in hammocks, old fields, disturbed wetlands, and tree islands in marshes, forming dense single-species stands in forest understories and crowding out native plants (R. Hammer, Miami-Dade County Natural Resources Department, 1996 personal communication). Also invading cypress and mangrove areas along the New River in Broward County (e.g., Secret Woods preserve). Has become a target of eradication by natural resource managers for Miami-Dade and Broward County Parks and Everglades National Park (M. McMahon, Biological and Environmental Consulting, 1996 personal communication).(3)This shade-tolerant, evergreen tree grows rapidly, forming dense monot

3.05

http://plants.usda.gov/plants/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=noxious.cgi

A. crenata listed as invasive by FLEPPC, HEAR

4.01

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ard_ell.htm

shade tolerant

4.1

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

In Florida it grows in alkaline soils and limestone substrates

4.11

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

4.12

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ard_ell.htm

form monotypic stand

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

6.01

no evidence

6.02

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ard_ell.htm

seeds dispersed by birds

6.03

Pascarella, J. B. 1997 Breeding systems of Ardisia Sw. (Myrsinaceae).Brittonia, 1997, Vol.49, No.1, pp.45-53, 43 ref.

abstract

6.04

Pascarella, J. B. 1997 Breeding systems of Ardisia Sw. (Myrsinaceae).Brittonia, 1997, Vol.49, No.1, pp.45-53 (abstract)

Five species (A. escallonioides Schltdl. & Cham., A. hirtella Lundell, A. elliptica Thunb., A. sieboldii Miq., and A. wallichii A.DC.) from three subgenera in the genus Ardisia (Myrsinaceae) were examined for self-compatibility, agamospermy, and autogamy using hand-pollination and pollinator-exclusion experiments on both garden plants and wild populations. All five species are self-compatible but not agamospermous. Four of the five species exhibited autogamy. Autogamy was strongly associated with stamen position, anther dehiscence type, protogyny, and inflorescence type. Because self-compatibility is widespread across different subgenera, it may be a general characteristic of the genus Ardisia. The potential impact of self-compatibility on the mating system and population genetic structure is discussed.

6.05

Pascarella, J. B. 1997 Breeding systems of Ardisia Sw. (Myrsinaceae).Brittonia, 1997, Vol.49, No.1, pp.45-53

autogamous

6.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

6.07

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

Given ideal conditions, individuals can reach reproductive maturity in 2-4 years in the field and 1-2 years in a shade house

7.01

7.02

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

Nursery trade: This species has been sold ornamentally

7.03

http://www.csa2.com/htbin/ids52/procskel.cgi

7.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

7.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

7.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

juicy drupe

7.07

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.932

7.08

bird dispersal

8.01

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

Large adults in bright forested sites have been measured producing up to 400 fruits; 1 seed/fruit

8.02

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=sss

Seeds do not have any long-term dormancy (i.e., greater than 6 months), however, seedlings and juveniles can survive under very shady conditions for many years.

8.03

Motooka, P. 2000. Summary of herbicide trials for pasture, range and non-cropland weed control-1999. Weed Control Feb. 2000 WC-5 published by CTAHR/ University of Hawaii

p.2 "Shoebutton ardesia was not adequately susceptible to dizzle application of MCPA or triclopyr in waterb but was marginally susceptible to triclopyr in crop oil."

8.04

no evidence

8.05

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ard_ell.htm

has become a pest