(L.) P.Beauv., Poaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Panicum verticillatum L.; Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br.
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: dao ci gou wei cao |
English: bristly foxtail, bur bristle grass, bur grass, foxtail, hooked bristlegrass, rough bristle grass, whorled pigeon grass |
French: setaire verticillée |
Hawaiian: mau pilipili |
Spanish: almorejo, amor de hortelano, carreig, cola de zorro, panissola, pata de gallina, pega-pega, rabo de zorro |
Habit: grass
Description: "Tufted annuals; culms (2-) 3-10 dm tall, often geniculate and branching at lower nodes, glabrous except above near the panicles. Sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous, the upper margins ciliate; ligule ciliate, 0.7-2 mm long; blades flat, 5-10 (-13) mm wide, glabrous to scaberulous, sometimes sparsely pilose, margins scabrous. Panicles yellowish-green to purple-tinged, densely flowered, cylindrical, (2-) 4-10 (-12) cm long, axis densely retrorsely hispidulous, primary branches short, verticillate, spikelets several to numerous per branch, subtended by 1 (-2) bristle(s), the bristles 2-4.5 (-6) mm long, retrorsely scabrous; glumes unequal, first glume broadly ovate, 0.5-0.7 (-1.2) mm long, ca. 1/3 as long as the spikelet, 1 (-3)-nerved, apex obtuse, sometimes mucronate, second glume ovate, 1.6-2 mm long, slightly shorter than first lemma, 5-7-nerved, apex rounded; first lemma 1.5-2.4 mm long, 7-nerved, apex rounded; first palea small, membranous; second lemma ovate, 1.8-2.3 mm long, weakly 3-nerved, finely transverse-rugose; second palea similar in texture to second lemma. Caryopsis pale brown, broadly ovoid, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, 1.2-1.5 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1593).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: "In general the weed grows in cultivated and disturbed places. Because the seed heads stick to clothing, the plant soon finds its way into gardens. It thrives in waste places as well. In many places in the world it seems to prefer damp, shady sites" (Holm et al., 1977; pp. 416, 419).
In Hawaii, "naturalized and common in dry, disturbed areas, including coastal sites, along roadsides, urban areas, agricultural land, and kiawe forest, 0-820 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1593).
Propagation: Seed. "The fruits, with their retrorsely barbed bristles, are distributed by small mammals; and of late by stockings and trousers" (Stone, 1970; p. 225).
Native range: Europe, widely naturalized (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1593).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 23)
"An introduced weed, especially of cultivated and open land, as it is in most tropical and warm temperate regions of the world". Vouchers cited: A.C. Beauglehole 5455 (CANB, MEL), L.M. Bingley 9 (K) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12)
"An introduced weed, especially of cultivated and open land, as it is in most tropical and warm temperate regions of the world". Voucher cited: F.E.T. Suckling (CHR) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
invasive |
Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Vouchers cited: J.-C. Thibault 1116 (PAP), J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9401 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Vouchers cited: B. Toutain 4215 (PAP), D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 6264 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8503)
Taxon name on voucher: Setaria verticillata |
|
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Setaria aff. verticillata. Voucher cited: J. Florence 2880 (PAP) Adventice |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 225) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 59) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
French Frigate Shoals |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kahoolawe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kure Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kure Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 16)
Occasional in open areas. |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Niihau, Lehua Islet |
introduced
invasive |
Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 27)
Voucher cited: K.R. Wood et al. 11349 (BISH, PTBG) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Nihoa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Niihau Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593)
Voucher cited: Heller 1961 (BISH) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Pearl and Hermes Reef |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Pearl and Hermes Reef |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (pp. 17, 18, 20)
North Island: Scattered over the entire island with a few large patches on the north part of the island. Collected on Seal/Kittery Island. Southeast Island: Large bands of it around the east side. Smaller patches on the west side. |
Kiribati
Phoenix Islands |
Kanton Island |
introduced
|
Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 323)
Vouchers cited: Fsoberg 24392, Fosberg 24327, Taylor 46-1288 |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 4)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24327 (US), Fosberg 24392 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 34) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 74)
In open waste places. |
|
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Henderson Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 3)
Voucher cited: Paulay & Spencer 660 (US) |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 12)
Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 674 (US) |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 10764 (PAP) Adventice |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Johnston Atoll |
Johnston Island |
introduced
invasive |
Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 53) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Eastern Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Midway Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1593) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Sand Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands |
Wake Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 59) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands |
Wake Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 4)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 34470 (US) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 418) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 132) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 132) | |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
native
|
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 347) |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 419) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192)
var. verticillata and var. ambigua Parl. |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 132) | |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 587)
"Commonly a garden and crop weed (especially of maize in North Id), waste land, roadsides, footpaths". |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 418) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 418) |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 418) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 334) |
Comments: For Fijian plants previously identified as this species see Pennisetum glaucum.
Control: If you know of control methods for Setaria verticillata, please let us know.