L., Euphorbiaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results:
Reject, score: 8 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia)).
High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
Reject, score: 24 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S.)).
Reject, score: 24 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S.
(Florida))).
Common name(s): [more details]
Austral: tiarili |
Chamorro: agaliya |
Chinese: bi ma |
English: castor bean, castor-oil plant |
Fijian: belenivavalagi, mbele ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, totonivavalagi, utouto |
French: ricin |
Hawaiian: kaapehā, kamakou, koli, lāau aila, paaila |
Maori (Cook Islands): pākarāna, pākarāni, tuitui, tuitui papaā |
Marquesan: pititu |
Niuean: tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki |
Palauan: gelug, uluchula skoki |
Samoan: lama pālagi |
Spanish: higuerilla, palma christi, ricino |
Tahitian: tiairi papaa, tiairi popaa |
Tongan: lepo, lepo hina, lepo kula |
Tuamotuan: tiairi |
Wallisian: lepo |
Habit: shrub
Description: "A coarse subshrub, erect, branching, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, the leaves alternate, palmately lobed, purplish when young, subpeltate, lobes usually 5 or 7, serrate, sharply acute; blades 20-60 cm long; petiole about the same length, a gland at apex; panicles terminal, or some axillary; flowers monoecious, apetalous, male clusters; female flowers with caducous, spathaceous calyx, ovary 3-celled, styles spreading, usually bifid; capsule ovoid, softly spiny, 1-1.5 cm long, purplish-brown, dehiscent; seeds oblong-ellipsoid, variously mottled with brown, black and gray" (Stone, 1970; p. 388).
Habitat/ecology: "Grass- and heathland, riparian habitats, disturbed sites. This highly variable plant occurs with many races. It is a fast growing and short-lived thicket forming plant that shades out native species. Establishment depends on disturbance" (Weber, 2003; p. 360). This fast-growing tree can reach heights of 10 m. It forms somewhat ephemeral thickets which can shade out other species. It grows in dry and mesic habitats from sea level to 1,200 m (C. W. Smith, 1985; p. 201). Seeds are toxic.
In Fiji, "found at elevations from near sea level to 200 m or probably higher, cultivated in villages and gardens and also naturalized in thickets and waste places and along roadsides" (A. C. Smith, 1981; pp. 499-500). In Hawaii, "naturalized and sometimes common in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, 0-500 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 629). In Tonga, "occasional in waste areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 164). In New Caledonia, "assez commun aujourd'hui en fourrés secondaires" (MacKee, 1994; p. 54). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 141). "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions: Low altitude, interior valleys; coastal mountains, 500-2000 m; coastal areas, 0 - 500 m. Somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months, precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter; dry, arid areas, with long drought periods of 6-10 months, precipitations of 100 mm-300 mm. are concentrated in winter. Fully exposed to the sun, level areas or slopes facing north; some shadow, some protection against direct sunlight, some shadow from vegetation, filtering about 20-40% of light" (Chileflora).
Propagation: The seed pod explodes when ripe, scattering the seeds. Although rodents and granivorous birds may disperse some seeds, man is the principal agent. "Seed is spread by floodwaters, in mud adhering to boots, vehicles or machinery, and in garden waste and soil" (Smith, 2002; p. 36).
Native range: Probably Africa, now introduced throughout the tropics.
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 37) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
|
Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 206) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 19)
"A weed of waste ground". Vouchers cited: J. Pickard 2656 (NSW); 1920, J.L. Boorman (NSW) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9)
"Locally common as a weed of waste ground". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 885 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 516 (CHR) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Rapa Nui (Easter) Island |
Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua) |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (p. 29) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 557) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 557) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 31)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2153 (US), Fosberg 31585 (US) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 31)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1934 (US), Fosberg 31729 (US) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 31)
Voucher cited: Falanruw 1886 (US) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 81668)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 31)
Voucher cited: Evans 2341 (US, BISH) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 81669)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 144169)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Saipan |
Saipan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Atiu Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Atiu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 14) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Atiu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664487)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island |
cultivated
|
McCormack, Gerald (2013) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144156)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Baltra Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Chuuk Islands |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 697229)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Udot Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 144167)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 359)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinis communis L. |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Taveuni Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 499-500)
Voucher cited: DA 11518 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 499-500)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 643 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 499-500)
Vouchers cited: DA 11358, DA 10269, Smith 9152, DA 5866 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 697228)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Mangareva (Gambier) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Taravai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 40939)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 113)
Voucher cited: C. Cartier 212 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 113)
Voucher cited: Moore 650 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 113)
Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 262, Florence 2441 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 2441 (PAP) Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558028)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558029)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tupai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Hao (Hau) Atoll |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Hao (Hau) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Maatea) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Maatea) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 3011 (PAP) Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Maatea) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492105)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Niau Atoll |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Niau Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 10194 (PAP) Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Toau (Tovau) Atoll |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Toau (Tovau) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 5610 (PAP) Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405424)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553004)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 144161)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 144162)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 144163)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rimatara (Rimitara) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rimatara (Rimitara) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rimatara (Rimitara) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405366)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rimatara (Rimitara) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 624084)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 6134 (PAP) Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405422)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552796)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Tubuai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Tubuai Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405448)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 388)
Voucher cited: Stone 4181 (GUAM) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 144168)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 144170)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kahoolawe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Niihau Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 629) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 287)
Naturalized |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
|
Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Butaritari Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 145) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Butaritari Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Butaritari Atoll |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1972) (voucher ID: PTBG 31537)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis |
|
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tarawa Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 145) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tarawa Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 144173)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 36) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 330)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24377, St. John 23701 |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 24377 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 144171)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 144172)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 36) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 95) |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
invasive |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 134-135)
Vouchers cited: Scully 137N (US?), Thaman & Manner 145 (SUVA) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Tiga |
introduced
invasive |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 54)
Voucher cited: MacKee 45845 |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380)
Assez commune en fourrés secondaires. |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 54)
Vouchers cited: Baudouin 251 s.loc., MacKee 15519, MacKee 31734 |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île des Pins (Isle of Pines) |
introduced
invasive |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 54)
Voucher cited: Baumann 13913 |
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands |
Raoul Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 106) |
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands |
Raoul Island |
introduced
invasive |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 634) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 95)
Voucher cited: CHR 169720 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 19) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 25) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 74)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9731 (BISH) "Frequent in thickets and waste areas". |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 10) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Angaur (Ngeaur) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Angaur (Ngeaur) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 88) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Koror (Oreor) Island | Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) | |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Peleliu (Beliliou) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Peleliu (Beliliou) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 90) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Peleliu (Beliliou) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 81685)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Peleliu (Beliliou) Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 358)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinis communis L. |
|
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago |
Bismarck Archipelago |
introduced
cultivated |
Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 309)
Common in native gardens but never wild. |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 64) | |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 447)
In the settled areas, in open waste places. Prehistoric introduction. |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 135-137) |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
|
St. John, H. (1987) (p. 39)
Voucher cited: St. John 15025 |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Naturalisée |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savaii Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12) |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12) |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 439347)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Guadalcanal Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 402109)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96) | |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 106) |
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Lifuka and Foa Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 74) |
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 164)
"Occasional throughout Tonga". |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Eua Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 62) |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Eua Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 164)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15618 |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Eua Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 603541)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 56) |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 25)
Voucher cited: Ilolahia 153 |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 164)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15110 |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 77869)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 697227)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis L. |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3299)
Taxon name on voucher: Ricinus communis |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 68) |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 25)
Voucher cited: Soakai 1027 |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 164)
Cited: Crosby. |
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island | Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 54) | |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Johnston Atoll |
Johnston Island |
introduced
invasive |
Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 57) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Sand Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-12) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands |
Wake Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 144) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands |
Wake Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 11)
Persisting from cultivation. |
Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96) | |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis (Uvea) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 33) |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 19) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 190) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 36) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 36) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Costa Rica (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
El Salvador (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 187) |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186) |
South Korea
South Korea |
South Korea (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
introduced
invasive |
Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 360) |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 634)
"Waste places, coastal cliffs, or as a casual in gardens". |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 75)
Naturalised |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Belov, Michail (2013) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Ecuador (Republic of) (continental) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 309) | |
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
introduced
invasive |
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 126) |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37) |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
introduced
|
Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 14) |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 27) |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013)
Envahissant principalement dans les milieux perturbés. |
Maldives
Maldive Islands |
Addu Atoll | Spicer, R. A./Newberry, D. MacC. (1979) (p. 13) | |
Maldives
Maldive Islands |
Malè Atoll |
Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 25)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 36843 (US) |
|
French Territory of Mayotte
Mayotte Islands |
Mayotte Island |
introduced
invasive |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Agalega Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 122) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Alphonse Island |
Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 181)
Voucher cited: Robertson 2835 (K) |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Cousin Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 28)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 52165 (US) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
D'Arros Island |
Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 23)
Voucher cited: Stoddart 7212 (US) |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Marie-Louise Island | Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 191) | |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
introduced
|
Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Comments: Sporadic on Guam, a pest species in Hawaii. Quite prevalent in Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2002) and Tonga (Space & Flynn, 2001).
A noxious weed in South Africa.
A declared noxious weed in the Northern Territory, Australia (Smith, 2002; p. 36).
Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).
Control:
Physical: "Small populations can be controlled by hand-pulling. Larger infestations can be controlled by repeated cultivation" (Motooka et al., 2003).
Chemical: Glyphosate or picloram + 2,4-D applied as a foliar spray. For larger plants, slash and paint the stumps with picloram + 2,4-D or triclopyr (Parsons and Cuthberson, 1992; pp. 431-433). "Sensitive to 2,4-D and other hormone-type herbicides. Triclopyr ester, 10% product in oil applied to basal bark, provided good control. HAVO staff reported control with foliar application of triclopyr ester at 1% of product or with cut-stump application of triclopyr amine at 10% of product (Chris Zimmer, HAVO) (Motooka et al., 2003).