Cenchrus echinatus L., Poaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: sätan

English: bur grass, burgrass, burr grass, common sandbur, golden grass, hedgehog grass, Mossman River grass, sand bur, sand burr, southern sandbur

Fijian: se bulabula, se mbulambula

Filipino: cauit-cauitan

French: herbe à câteaux

Hawaiian: mau‘u kukū, ‘ume‘alu

I-Kiribati: te anti, te kateketeke, te uteute ae kateketeke

Maori (Cook Islands): pārango, piripiri

Marshallese: kãlõklõk, karumwij, legalek, lek e lek, lekelik, leklek, lellik, lõklõk, lôklôk, quaramiyumut

Nauruan: eakung, iakung

Niuean: mosie vihilago, mosie vihilango, motie vihilago

Other: cram-cram

Samoan: tuitui, tuitui, vao papalagi, vao tuitui, vao tuitui

Spanish: abrojo, cabeza de negro, cachorro, cadillo, cadillo carretón morado, cadillo correntino, cadillo de perro, cadillo tigre, caretón morado, espolón, mozote, mozote de caballo, pega-pega, roseta, rosetilla, zacate banderilla, zacate erizo

Tahitian: pipiri, piripiri

Tongan: hefa

Habit:  grass

Description:  "An annual grass that is erect or decumbent at the base, somewhat tufted, branched; roots fibrous; culms 25 to 90 cm tall, the lower part often prostrate, compressed, rooting at the nodes, often reddish at the nodes; leaf sheaths smooth or with few stiff hairs on the margins on the upper portion; ligule 0.5-1.7 mm long, with marginal hairs; blades smooth to hairy, 5 to 30 cm long, 0.5 to 1 cm wide, flat, lower surface smooth, upper side rough, slightly hairy at the base; inflorescence a spike, dense, cylindric, 2.5 to 10 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter; the burs five to 50 or more, not crowded, almost sessile, globular, densely arranged, 3 to 6 mm in diameter, 5 to 10 mm long; the spines or bristles 2 to 3.5 mm long, usually turning purple with age, sometimes straw-colored, the basal bristles numerous, usually turned downward, inner bristles attached below the middle of the the bur, bristles united for about one-half their length to form a deep cup, hairy, bristles irregular in size and thickness; spikelets two to four (usually three) in each bur, about 5 to 7 mm long; stamens three; grains ovoid, 1.6-3.2 mm long, 1.3 to 2.2 mm wide.  The species is distinguished by the large, spiny burs which are easily detached from the flowering spike.  The burs are covered with numerous, sharp bristles which usually turn purple with age and may be strong enough to penetrate shoe leather.  There is a variety in Hawaii, variety hillebrandianus, in which the plants are softly hairy throughout rather than just at the base of the leaves"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 201).

"Annual [grass]; culms compressed, basally branching; up to 1 m tall.  Blades 7-130 cm long, up to 9 mm wide, narrow, slightly hairy on the upper surface near the base.  Spike-like racemes 3-10 cm long; composed of fairly large spiny burrs (5-15 in number) well spaced (not crowded), subsessile, broadest at the base; burr usually bearing 4 spikelets"  (Stone, 1970; pp. 205-207).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  Common in disturbed places, particularly near the ocean, on beaches, and on limestone soils.  "Often associated with low moisture and with sandy or light, well-drained soils of the lowland tropics, the plant can spread rapidly in moderately moist regions.  Under dry conditions the plant is short-lived, stays very small, and produces few burs; under moist conditions it may be long-lived, can grow very large, and produces many burs.  It colonizes bare or open ground, quickly filling gaps in crop stands.  It is found in cultivated fields, abandoned fields, pastures, field margins, along roadsides, in lawns, on and dunes, along river sands, and in sandy soils along beaches.  The plants can withstand repeated defoliation in lawns, in frequently harvested forage crops, or in pastures"  (Holm et al., 1977; pp. 201, 103).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in arid, disturbed habitats such as beach dunes, dry, rocky slopes, pastures, and along roadsides, 0-920 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1512-1513).  In Fiji, "usually restricted to low elevations near the coast, being found on seashores and in pastures, cane and rice fields, lawns, waste places, and along roadsides" (Smith, 1979; p. 357).  To 1,000 m in Papua New Guinea. In the Galápagos Islands, "in fields and waste places, especially in sandy soil, to about 1,050 m" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 834-835). In Australia, "in disturbed areas; often around urban areas such as school grounds, homesteads, parks, roadsides, on and near coastal sand dunes, along creeks and swamp margins" (Smith, 2002; pp. 70-71). In New Guinea, "a weed of roadsides and waste land, and sometimes in pasture. From low altitudes to 1000 " (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 35). In Tonga, "Frequent in sandy areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 63). In New Caledonia, "mauvaise herbe très commune en jardins, terrains vagues et endroits sablonneux du littoral. Les fruits épineux sont gênants" (MacKee, 1994; p. 58).

Propagation:  Seed. Burrs detach easily from the spike and attach to clothing or animals. "The burrs also float and are carried by floodwaters and along irrigation canals" (Smith, 2002; pp. 70-71).

Native range:  New World, now weedy or invasive in most tropical and temperate countries.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 39)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9485
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 115240) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 42)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 44)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: A. Harris 70, Harris 307, Harris 335, Yuncker 9110
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 115242) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 115243) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3370, Bryan 945, Bryan s.n.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430383) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 33)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 115245) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Chile (Rapa Nui Island) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (p. 28)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2158 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1954b (US), Fosberg 31715 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Anderson 557 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L), Moore 396 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115277) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 74)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 79)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 85)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 91)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 97)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 115287) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fano Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633327) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced invasive	Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Marshall 29 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 115291) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 27)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 9)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 126) Voucher cited: Glassman 2517 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115293) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588359) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Voucher cited: DA 2991
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 881
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619099) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Voucher cited: DA 8937
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Vouchers cited: DA 11773, DA 8809, DA 8850, DA 10781
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31566) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Voucher cited: DA 10240
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 31565) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 357) Vouchers cited: DA 8174, DA 3624, DA 9029, Smith 9454, DA 2843, DA 7047, DA 9538, DA 1684, DA 3023
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 31567) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 115251) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 92)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 330)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 92734) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus var. glabratus F.Br.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 92748) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus var. pennisetoides F.Br.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 544958) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 98)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 648814) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64840 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614920) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 330) Voucher cited: Cartier 144
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 492112) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Sachet 979 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Motu One (Bellingshausen) Atoll	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 23)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 330) Vouchers cited: Moore 486, BRY 25732
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 23)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 98)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586736) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 330) Voucher cited: Florence 3111
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491719) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491727) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 330) Voucher cited: Florence 3254
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 35) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Sachet 54630 (US); var. hillenbrandii (Hitchc.) F. Br. Fosberg 54609 (US), Fosberg & Sachet 54646 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492087) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 13)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 664038) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 13)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633882) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491595) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633841) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 25)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Sachet 2033 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 542881) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 581521) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 205-207)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 115273) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649452) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000147) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: Flynn et al. 4854 (PTBG, US), K.R. Wood et al. 9223 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lisianski Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Nihoa Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Pearl and Hermes Reef	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2002) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Starr & Martz 990614-3 (BISH), Starr & Martz 990614-2 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll		Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. (1962) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Hamilton 2 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
Kiribati Line Islands	Malden Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 51618) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 602808) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 603066) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Enderbury Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 36) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54732 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 36) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Walker 30202 (US, BISH), Fosberg & Walker 30217 (US, BISH, K), Degener & Hatheway 21252, Luomala 9, Luomala 38
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Vouchers cited: Luomala 9, Luomala 38
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Nikumaroro (Gardner) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Fosberg 55752 (US, BISH, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 36) Vouchers cited: Long 2005 (US), Long 2052 (US), Fosberg & Stoddart 54885 (US, HAW), Fosberg 55730 (US, BISH, K)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) Voucher: Imada 2003-129  (BISH 697741)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697741) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 402293) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 402294) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) Voucher: Imada 2003-92  (BISH 697707)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697707) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Marakei Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	introduced invasive	Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 7) Vouchers cited: Moul 8386 (US), Moul 8206 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 115196) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 115197) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 115199) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 115200) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 31171) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 453018) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 423148) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 321) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24378, Fosberg 24300, St. John 23783, St. John 23844, Taylor 46-1255, Taylor 46-1289
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24300 (US), Fosberg 24324 (US), Fosberg 24378 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 115282) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 115283) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115295) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115296) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 115297) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 576856) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 579175) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 631428) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26712 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 3) "Uncommon to occasional; forming small patches in grassy and ruderal areas".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 78-79) Vouchers cited: Wagner 3386, Bergseng s.n., Fosberg 24486, Fosberg 26504, Herbst 8982, Herbst 9628, Herbst 9634, Whistler 11263
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26486 (US), Fosberg 34140 (US), Fosberg 26504 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 528027) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 631425) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34310 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3648
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 3) "Common, in lawns but primarily in ruderal areas; despite its presence for over 50 years, does not seem to have become the tremendous pest as it has become on other atolls".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 115288) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced	St. John, Harold (1951) (p. 280) Voucher cited: St. John 21371 (BISH)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 115294) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33838 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 27036 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (pp. 48-49)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 607610) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 424169) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33665 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 422044) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421999) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 67) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58607 (US), Scully 146N (US?), Thaman & Manner 34 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Mauvaise herbe très commune en jardins, terrains vagues et endroits sabloneux du littoral. Fruits épineux gênants.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Mauvaise herbe très commune en jardins, terrains vagues et endroits sabloneux du littoral. Fruits épineux gênants.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Mauvaise herbe très commune en jardins, terrains vagues et endroits sabloneux du littoral. Fruits épineux gênants.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Franc 181
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10881) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 652351) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 654875) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Mauvaise herbe très commune en jardins, terrains vagues et endroits sabloneux du littoral. Fruits épineux gênants.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 236) Vouchers cited: CHR 168747, CHR 168748
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9654 (BISH) "An obnoxious weed, common in waste areas and along roadsides".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 40)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 95)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625459) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625465) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 115275) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 84)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 89)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 115276) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngedebus Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 127) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Palau Islands (main island group)		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 115270) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 115239) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28990) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 115244) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417433) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402171) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416638) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416639) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 505976) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 509048) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 56)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640486) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 71)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Soakai 285
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 63) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15709
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 115238) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 641461) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000899) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 63) "Frequent throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 59)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Soakai 344
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 51)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Ilolahia 73
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 63) Vouchers cited: Hürlmann 3, Yuncker 15089
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 115237) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 63) Voucher cited: Hürlmann 612
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 65)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Soakai 771
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 9) Vouchers cited: Woodroffe 113 (CHR), Woodroffe 196 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Baker Island	Baker Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 51617) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus echinatus L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 52)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1512-1513)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33624
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Sachet 898 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33624 (US), Fosberg 34477 (US)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 27)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 70)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 70)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 73)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 17) Rare, possible introduced with grass seed.
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 203-205)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 131)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 152) Voucher cited: Robertson 3128 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 20) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 52160 (US), Fosberg 52188 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 19) Vouchers cited: Gwynne & Wood 1007 (EA), Stoddart 7157 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 172)

Comments:  A declared noxious weed in the Northern Territory, Australia (Smith, 2002; pp. 70-71).

Control: 

Physical: Since Mossman River grass is an annual, one way to control it is to prevent seeding by pulling individual plants or cultivation. Multiple treatments will be required due to residual seed.

Chemical: Several chemicals are effective, including Atrazine, chlorazifop, and benfluralin (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992; pp. 95-97).  "Sensitive to glyphosate. However, seed reservoir in soil suggests a preemergence herbicide would be helpful in nesting areas"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia. (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the University of Florida Extension Service. (PDF format).

Additional online information about Cenchrus echinatus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Cenchrus echinatus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Cenchrus echinatus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM127(Kluding, P. 21).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 579175 (P.Lamberson s.n.).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 92734 (F.B.H.Brown 745).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 92748 (F.B.H.Brown 657).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 115245 (Garber, D.W. 830).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 115244 (Christophersen, E. 471).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 115239 (Christophersen, E. 1864).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 115270 (Hosokawa, T. 9244).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 115242 (Harris, W. 19).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619099 (St.John, H. 19414).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 115240 (Yuncker, T.G. 9485).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 115243 (Yuncker, T.G. 9110).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 115294 (St.John, H. 21376).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 115275 (Fosberg, F.R. 25980).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 115282 (Fosberg, F.R. 24378).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 115297 (Taylor, W.R. 46-1289).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421999 (St.John, H. 22052).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 422044 (St.John, H. 21915).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 423148 (St.John, H. 22200).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 424169 (St.John, H. 21989).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 115287 (Wong, C.C.Y. 149).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402171 (Giffen 9).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 115199 (Luomala, K. 9).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 115200 (Luomala, K. 9).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10881 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1581).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115277 (Anderson, D. 557).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115293 (Glassman, S.F. 2517).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115295 (St.John, H. 23783).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115296 (St.John, H. 23844).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 115276 (Fosberg, F.R. 32049).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 115288 (Anderson, D. 3648).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 115291 (Anderson, D. 1100).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 115196 (Moul, E.T. 8206).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 115197 (Moul, E.T. 8386).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 115237 (Yuncker, T.G. 15089).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 115238 (Yuncker, T.G. 15709).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 115251 (Smith, A.C. 9454).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31566 (Koroiveibau, D. 8850).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 31567 (Parham, J.W. 9538).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 576856 (Gilmartin, M. 497).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 31565 (Parham, J.W. 10240).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 115283 (Rainey, C.S.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 115273 (Pedrus, P. 60).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 51617 (Long, C.R. 2173).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 51618 (Long, C.R. 3389).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 453018 (Adair, F. GLBT/32/FA).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28990 (Bristol, M.L. 2466).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 31171 (Adair, F. 215).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 402293 (Herbst, D.R. 2741).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 402294 (Herbst, D.R. 2741).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417433 (Whistler, W.A. W833).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430383 (Whistler, W.A. W3370).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416638 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1451).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416639 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1451A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588359 (Fosberg, F.R. 60122).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 492112 (Florence, J. 2205).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 581521 (Hallé, N. 7027).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491595 (Florence, J. 4082).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491719 (Florence, J. 2517).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491727 (Florence, J. 3111).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492087 (Florence, J. 3254).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586736 (Fosberg, F.R. 63400).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 602808 (Wester, L. 2090).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640486 (G.Buelow 3275).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 641461 (Buelow, G. 2611).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000899 (G.Buelow 2611).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 542881 (Florence, J. 5602).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 603066 (Wester, L. 2198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649452 (Herbst, D.R. 7198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000147 (Herbst, D.R. 7198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 544958 (Florence, J. 6950).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 505976 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1807).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614920 (Fosberg, F.R. 64840).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 509048 (Krauss, N.H. 3048).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 664038 (Jolinon, J.C. 1265).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 528027 (Herbst, D.R. 8982).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 607610 (Herbst, D.R. 9137).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633841 (Florence 9989).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633882 (Florence 10134).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625459 (A.K.Kepler 92-40).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625465 (A.K.Kepler 92-44).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 648814 (Florence 11743).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 652351 (Koyama, H. 8241).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 654875 (Koyama, H. 8244).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 631425 (Herbst, D.R. 9628).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 631428 (Herbst, D.R. 9634).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633327 (A.K.Kepler 93-12).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697707 (C.Imada 2003-92).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697741 (C.Imada 2003-129).

Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. 1962. Plants of Christmas Island. Atoll Res. Bull. 90. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 7 pp.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 20 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1983. Natural history of Cousin Island. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. 1983. List of the recorded vascular flora of Agalega. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. 1975. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. 2nd edition. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 7. Lae, Papua New Guinea. 180 pp.

Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world’s worst weeds: distribution and biology. East-West Center/University Press of Hawaii. 609 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lamberson, J. O. 1982. A guide to terrestrial plants of Enewetak Atoll. Pacific Science Information Center, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

Luomala, Katharine. 1951. Plants of Canton Island, Phoenix Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 20(11):157-174.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

McCormack, Gerald. 2008. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

McIntyre, Guy. 1991. Weeds of sugar cane in Mauritius, their description and control. Mauritius Sugar Industry Reseach Institute. 151 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Moul, Edwin T. 1957. Preliminary report on the flora of Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 57. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 48 pp.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Parham, J. W. 1958. The weeds of Fiji. Department of Agriculture, Fiji. Bulletin No. 35. 196 pp.

Parsons, W. T./Cuthbertson, E. G. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne/Sydney. 692 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Coetivy Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants of Poivre Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Geography and land ecology of Clipperton Island. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 86. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 115 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Natural history of Mopelia Atoll, Society Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reserch Bulletin 274. 37 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Botanique de l'ile de Tupai, Iles de la Societe. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 276. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 26 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. An ecological reconnaissance of Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 275. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 67 pp. + photos.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Smith, Nicholas M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia - a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Inc. 112 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 103 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. (In press).

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 41 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. 2000. Invasive plant species on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 43 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

St. John, Harold. 1951. Plant records from Aur Atoll and Majaro Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Pacific Plant Studies 9. Pacific Science 5(3): 279-286.

St. John, Harold. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4):313-336.

Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 2002. New plant records from the Hawaiian archipelago. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 69:16-27.

Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. 1979. D'Arros and St. Joseph, Amirante Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 223. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 48 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Thaman, R. R. 1987. Plants of Kiribati: a listing and analysis of vernacular names. Atoll Res. Bull. 296:1-42.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

Topp, J. M. W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Territory. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 313. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 21 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 0. Nancy Vander Velde, pers. com.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2006. Plants of Kili Island, Marshall Islands. Unpublished checklist. 12 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.

Whistler, W. A. 1983. The flora and vegetation of Swains Island. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 262. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 25 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. 1997. Botanical survey of the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area, Niue. Unpublished technical report. 76 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.

Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.

Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya. 2006. An annotated checklist and new island records of flowering plants from Lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:19-29.

Woodroffe, C. D. 1985. Vegetation and flora of Nui Atoll, Tuvalu. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 283. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 18 pp. + maps, photos.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.