Allamanda cathartica L., Apocynaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 8 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Allamanda cathartica cv. 'Hendersonii'; Allamanda hendersonii Bull ex Dombrain

Common name(s): [more details]

English: allamanda, angel's trumpet, brownbud allamanda, buttercup vine, cup of gold, golden allamanda, golden cup, golden trumpet, yellow allamanda, yellow trumpet vine, yellowbell

French: allamanda, canari, liane à lait, liane jaune, liane s'aime, monette jaune

Hawaiian: lani ali‘i, nani ali‘i

Maori (Cook Islands): ‘aramena, pua, puapua, pūpua, pupua, tiare rengarenga

Samoan: pua taunofo, pua taunofo, puataunofo

Spanish: campana de oro, copa de oro

Tahitian: piti

Tongarevan (spoken): tiale lenga

Tongarevan (written): tiare renga

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Shrub with scandent branches or all climbing.  Leaves in whorls of 4 or 3 or some opposite; petioles 2-3 mm long; blades obovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 x 2.5-6 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate, margin entire, leathery.  Flowers with calyx eglandular; corolla 7-9 cm long, 5-7.5 cm across, bright yellow.  Capsules globose, 4 cm in diameter, densely covered with soft spines 1 cm long; seeds compressed, tan, slightly margined" (Howard, 1989; p. 100).

"Climbing shrub; leaves whorled, oblong-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, 8-15 cm long, mostly 4-5 cm wide; inflorescence of about 10 flowers; corolla tube 4 cm long (or more), the spreading lobes totaling 6-7 cm wide (or more), bright yellow; stamens very short; capsules (very rare in cultivation)" (Stone, 1970; p. 477).

"A scrambling plant which may form a shrub-like clump or climb into nearby vegetation (clumps are usually 2 m tall and 2-3 m wide).  Several cultivars have been developed for gardens (depending on the cultivar, flower colour ranges from pink to yellow)"  (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 92).  Also, small- and large-flowered forms (Stone, 1970; p. 477).

Habitat/ecology:  Moist, well-drained sunny soils. "A weed of roadsides in the 'wet tropics' region of north Queensland [Australia]" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 92).  "Wild and naturalized allamanda grows on riverbanks in Suriname (Tropilab Inc. 2002), on disturbed sites in Florida (Long and Lakela 1976), along roads (Liogier 1995), and on abandoned farms, house places, and around clandestine dumps in Puerto Rico (author's observation). The species is intolerant to intermediate in tolerance to shade. It can grow below brush and a thin forest canopy, usually without blooming, but blooms and makes its greatest growth in full sun. Allamanda grows best in well drained, moist, sandy soils rich in organic matter (Barcellos 2002). It does not tolerate salty soils, highly alkaline conditions, and is killed by temperatures of -1° C (Floridata 2002, Tropilab Inc. 2002). In Nicaragua, the species occurs between 0 and 700 m in elevation (Stevens and others 2001). Allamanda has naturalized in Puerto Rico in areas that receive between about 1000 and 2800 mm of mean annual precipitation"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

In Fiji, "abundantly cultivated near sea level and occasionally naturalized" (Smith, 1988; p. 100). In New Caledonia, "très commun comme plante ornementale" (MacKee, 1994). Arid lowlands and moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 318).

Propagation:  Seeds and cuttings.

Native range:  Brazil and Guyana, South America

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 42)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 32)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 129955) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Northern Mariana Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 73)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 78)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665034) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 84)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 63)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 129961) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 78109) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 296 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 78108) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 649341) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 11)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78111) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78114) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 90) Voucher cited: Kanehira 1535 (NY); var. hendersonii (Bull.) Baile & Raffill, voucher cited Glassman 2721 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78110) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 129959) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 129960) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (p. 101) Cv. Hendersonii. Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1195, DA 16785, DA 11553 Occasionally naturalized.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33454) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands	French Polynesia Islands	cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced cultivated	Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39) Voucher cited: Mumford & Adamson 407 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6) var. hendersonii (Bull) Rafill
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Grant 4112
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 649185) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Moore 273, Moore 320
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39) Voucher cited: Moore 273 (BISH, MIN)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6) var. hendersonii (Bull) Rafill
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Florence 2243, BRY 24803
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39) Voucher cited: Grant 4112 (BISH, MIN)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491503) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) (p. 13)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 404872) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552837) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 404871) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 477) Vouchers cited: Stone 4271 (GUAM), Stone 4404 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 129956) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 649339) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) Not seen by Space & Imada, 2004.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 98)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 64)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 90) Voucher cited: Fosberg 58697 (US)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 15) Voucher cited: MacKee 21468
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 44) Voucher cited: CHR 168844
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 96) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9937 (BISH)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 84)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 650470) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 661161) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 129957) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 571483) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 649343) Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 10)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11182
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 45)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 70)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 218) "Frequent in villages".
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 30)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 92)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 102)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé"

Comments:  Widely cultivated. Invasive in northern Queensland, Australia.

Control: 

Physical:  "Getting rid of spot infestations can be difficult.  Cutting is ineffective. For grubbing to work, removal of the plant stems and roots from the site must be complete" (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Additional information:
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Allamanda cathartica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Allamanda cathartica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Allamanda cathartica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 129955 (Christophersen, E. 1258).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 404871 (Fosberg, F.R. 11852).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 404872 (Fosberg, F.R. 11881).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 78108 (Takamatsu, M. 212).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 78109 (Takamatsu, M. 309).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78110 (Takamatsu, M. 757).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78111 (Takamatsu, M. 426).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78114 (Takamatsu, M. 476).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 129959 (Wong, Y.C. 51).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 129961 (Wong, C.Y. 255).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 129960 (Glassman, S.F. 2721).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 129957 (Fosberg, F.R. 32252).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 129956 (Stone, B.C.M. 4271).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 649339 (Evans, M. 1777).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 649343 (Blackburn, B.S. E102).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 571483 (Salsedo, C.A. 60).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 33454 (Smith, A.C. 16785).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 649341 (Fosberg, F.R. 60300).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491503 (Florence, J. 2243).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 649185 (Fosberg, F.R. 63678).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552837 (Florence, J. 6118).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 665034 (Sykes, W.R. 474834).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 650470 (Falanruw, M.V.C. LR 26588).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 661161 (J.V.Ward 248).

Boiteau, Pierre. 1981. Apocynacées. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 10, 302 pp.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Francis, John K., ed. 2009. Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry and Shrub Sciences Laboratory (online resource).

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. 1974. Partial flora of the Society Islands: Ericaceae to Apocynaceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 17. 85 pp.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Howard, Richard A. 1989. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. 6 Dicotyledoneae-Part 3 Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 658 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2008. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1988. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 4. 377 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

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