Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)

Eleutherodactylus coqui
(Amphibians-Frogs)

coqui (frog)

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Featured items Species description or overview Identification Taxonomy & nomenclature Pest alerts Impacts
Control methods Biocontrol (potential for use as) Legislation Images Distribution Case studies
In the news Full-text articles Other resources      


Featured items

"Controlling the coqui" (HISC eNews)
"For the second edition of the Hawaii Invasive Species Council eNews, the coqui frog is our featured creature. Current estimates indicate there are more than 8,000 coqui-infested acres on the Big Island with much smaller and, fortunately, eradicable populations on Maui, Oahu and Kauai."


Species description or overview

The Puerto Rican Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui Thomas 1966)
Information on taxonomy, identification, range, biology and impacts of the coqui frog.

Eleutherodactylus coqui fact sheet
This USGS fact sheet on the coqui frog includes information on taxonomy, identification, range, biology, and impacts.

Eleutherodactylus coqui ecology from Global Invasive Species Database
Information on the coqui including description, related species, habitat, impacts, uses, range, management, nutrition, reproduction, and life cycle are compiled in the Global Invasive Species Database.

The coqui in Puerto Rico
A description of Eleutherodactylus coqui in its native range and links to more information are available at this site promoting Puerto Rico.

Coqui frog control for homeowners View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Finding and controlling coqui frogs are covered in this printable brochure for Hawaii residents.


Identification

Coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) pest identification flyer
Images comparing the coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and greenhouse frogs are included in this Maui County report-a-pest page.

Differences between greenhouse frog and coqui frog (CTAHR)
An illustrated guide to differences between greenhouse frog and coqui frog is provided by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

Eleutherodactylus coqui frog calls
Recordings of Eleutherodactylus coqui frog calls are available online.

Greenhouse frog or coqui?
Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)

Diversity of coqui frog morphology (CTAHR)
Images illustrating the diversity of coqui frog morphology (appearance) are presented by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).


Taxonomy & nomenclature

ITIS nomenclature info for Eleutherodactylus coqui
Nomenclatural information about Eleutherodactylus coqui is provided by ITIS.


Pest alerts

Pest Alert: Stop the spread of Caribbean frogs View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Pest Alert poster to educate the public and prevent further spread of Caribbean frogs in Hawaii.

Got Frogs? What you can do (about coqui in Hawaii) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
"Got frogs? What you can do" is a report from the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC) regarding what you can do to prevent, report, and control non-native coqui frogs in Hawaii.

Homeowner's Guide to Stopping the Spread of Coqui Frogs on Maui View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)


Impacts

"We must not let tiny shrieking monsters destroy Hawaii" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 07JAN2007)
A 3-year Big Island study is planned to look at coqui habitat (11 March 2005, Honolulu Star-Bulletin).

Eleutherodactylus frog introductions to Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
This article documents the introduction of Caribbean frogs (Eleutherodactylus spp.) to Hawaii, and includes an extensive list of references regarding these frogs.


Control methods

Heat being used to kill coqui frog
"A local [ed.: Waimanalo, Hawaii] nursery is using heat to kill the pesky coqui frog in potted plants. In a recent test done at Leilani Nursery, nine out of ten frogs died after being exposed to temperatures of more than 113 degrees for five minutes." (AP, as reported by KPUA.net 30 January 2006)

(Hawaii) Residents reminded about proper use of hydrated lime to control coqui frogs
"The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) reminds residents, particularly on the Big Island, that there are specific directions that must be followed when using hydrated lime to control coqui frog infestations."

Lime OK'd for use against coqui frogs
"The Green Monster: City, state and federal officials coordinate efforts to remove a weed covering the surface of Lake Wilson" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 19, 2003).

Pesticide (ranacide) label for caffeine View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
online

Label instructions for use of calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) to control coqui and greenhouse frogs in Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The Hawaii Department of Agriculture provides online label instructions for use of calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) to control coqui and greenhouse frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui and Eleutherodactylus planirostris) in outdoor ornamental plants in nurseries and residential areas, parks, hotels, resorts, forest habitats, and natural areas in Hawaii. Ash Grove Kemilime may be used in the State of Hawaii (Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Lanai, Molokai and the Island of Hawaii) to control the coqui and greenhouse frogs in outdoor ornamental plants in nurseries and residential areas, parks, hotels and resorts, forest habitats, and natural areas from April 26, 2005 through April 26, 2008 under a Quarantine Exemption granted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as Amended.

Erythrina gall wasp View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
"One of the latest invaders reported on April 19, 2005 is the Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae. As its name implies, it attacks Erythrina also known as Wiliwili or the Indian Coral Trees." Erythrina Gall Wasp.

Pipe traps can control frogs without chemicals (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 28 April 2005)
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin reports that "pipe traps can control [coqui] frogs without chemicals" (28 April 2005).

Caffeine no longer authorized for control of coqui
The reasons that caffeine is no longer being used or studied as a means of controlling coqui in Hawaii are outlined on this page.

Coqui frogs controlled by citric acid
Test results on the efficacy of citric acid to control coqui frogs in Hawaii are presented.

Reducing habitat of coqui frogs by clearing Lava Tree State Monument
An experimental plot in the state park was cleared of all non-native plants in an effort to control the coqui infestation.

Genetic control of coqui frogs
Links to information on genetically based control strategies for the coqui frog are available on this page.

Hot water to control coqui in potted plants
Hot water treatments of potted plants in commercial nurseries can be used to control the spread of coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui).

Effectiveness of pyrethrin to control coqui frogs
Pyrethrin (pyrenone) sprayed on coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) eggs is not an effective control.

Trapping coqui frogs
Various traps for the coqui frog are described and tested by the University of Hawaii.

Effectiveness of vapor heat (University of Hawaii CTAHR)
Hot vapor treatments of commercial potted plants are lethal to coqui, but some plants suffer damage from the treatment. Photos of vapor effects on sensitive plants are shown.

CITRIC ACID PESTICIDE LABEL NOW ONLINE! View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
PT's bookmarks

Coqui Frog: Control for Homeowners View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Coqui Frog: Control for Homeowners

Homeowner's Guide to Stopping the Spread of Coqui Frogs on Maui View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)


Biocontrol (potential for use as)

Biological control of coqui frogs
Potential biological controls for the coqui frog in Hawaii, including the chytrid fungus, internal parasites and chickens, are briefly reviewed.


Legislation

Bill would help fight invasive species in Hawaii
"Editor's note: Congressman Ed Case, Hawaii, Second District, last week [ed.: this article published 02AUG2005] introduced a bill to require the same or greater level of federal inspection of all visitor and cargo shipments arriving in Hawaii from domestic and foreign locations as now exists for outgoing traffic. He said the measure was the only way to overcome "a true crisis" caused by rapidly accelerating introduction of invasive species and diseases that are devastating Hawaii's flora and fauna and costing the state millions of dollars in agricultural losses, export costs, and other expenses. Here is his floor speech."


Images

Image and multimedia gallery about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) (from CTAHR)
An image and multimedia gallery about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is provided by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

Greenhouse frog or coqui?
Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)


Distribution

Monitoring population densities of coqui frogs
Population densities of coqui frogs at the Lava Tree State Monument on the Big Island will be monitored by the University of Hawaii.


Case studies

Coqui news from the Kauai Invasive Species Committee (KISC)
The Kauai Invasive Species Committee's (KISC) Coqui News is a weekly update on coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) eradication and control efforts on the island of Kauai.


In the news

Coqui frog population multiplies
As many as 30,000 coqui frogs per acre infest the East Hawaii region, in what is called a "plague" on the Big Island.

Does frog lunch bug you? (Raising Islands Blog, 24 August 2007)
Bloggist Jan TenBruggencate discusses Karen H. Beard's research the stomach contents of coqui frogs. Beard found ants, amphipods, mites, beetles, flies and other little critters, but sadly, no mosquitos.

"Controlling the coqui" (HISC eNews)
"For the second edition of the Hawaii Invasive Species Council eNews, the coqui frog is our featured creature. Current estimates indicate there are more than 8,000 coqui-infested acres on the Big Island with much smaller and, fortunately, eradicable populations on Maui, Oahu and Kauai."

"We must not let tiny shrieking monsters destroy Hawaii" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 07JAN2007)
A 3-year Big Island study is planned to look at coqui habitat (11 March 2005, Honolulu Star-Bulletin).

Most speakers favor funding to fight coqui frogs (Kauai, 22 November 2006)
"The County Council should fund Kauai Invasive Species Committee's $290,000 request to eradicate the noisy and troublesome coqui frog in Lawai, most speakers told the council yesterday." (The Garden Island [newspaper], 22 November 2006)

Feds chip in to help control coqui
The U.S. Department of Agriculture approved 240 thousand dollars to help control coqui frogs on the Big Island.

Nurseries get frog fight funding
This Honolulu Star-Bulletin article discusses two proposed bills in the Hawaii legislature to work towards eradication of the non-native coqui frog in Hawaii (13 February 2005).

Heat being used to kill coqui frog
"A local [ed.: Waimanalo, Hawaii] nursery is using heat to kill the pesky coqui frog in potted plants. In a recent test done at Leilani Nursery, nine out of ten frogs died after being exposed to temperatures of more than 113 degrees for five minutes." (AP, as reported by KPUA.net 30 January 2006)

Big Island legislators take on coqui fight
"Big Island legislators and Mayor Harry Kim planned to unveil a series of bills today that would fight the infestation of noisy, non-native coqui frogs on the Big Island." (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Vol. 11, Issue 28 - Saturday, Jan. 28, 2006)

Coqui Frog Creating Big Problems for Big Island
The State of Hawaii DLNR/DOFAW urges people not to use Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae) horticulturally.

(Hawaii) Residents reminded about proper use of hydrated lime to control coqui frogs
"The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) reminds residents, particularly on the Big Island, that there are specific directions that must be followed when using hydrated lime to control coqui frog infestations."

Bill would help fight invasive species in Hawaii
"Editor's note: Congressman Ed Case, Hawaii, Second District, last week [ed.: this article published 02AUG2005] introduced a bill to require the same or greater level of federal inspection of all visitor and cargo shipments arriving in Hawaii from domestic and foreign locations as now exists for outgoing traffic. He said the measure was the only way to overcome "a true crisis" caused by rapidly accelerating introduction of invasive species and diseases that are devastating Hawaii's flora and fauna and costing the state millions of dollars in agricultural losses, export costs, and other expenses. Here is his floor speech."

Hawaiian officials fight the spread of frogs
"Hawaiian officials fight the spread of frogs" is an article about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii, published by the Jackson Hole Star Tribune (19 July 2005).

The costly coqui
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin reports on "The costly coqui: Schofield Barracks deals with the same problem facing the Big Island amid real estate fears" (11 July 2005).

Counties [in Hawaii] to get $300,000 to fight coquis
Counties receive a total of $300,000 from the Hawaii state legislature for fighting coqui infestations.

Coqui Frogs Leap into Labor Bill
"Coqui Frogs Leap into Labor Bill" is an article from the Hawaii Reporter.

Lime OK'd for use against coqui frogs
"The Green Monster: City, state and federal officials coordinate efforts to remove a weed covering the surface of Lake Wilson" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 19, 2003).

Pipe traps can control frogs without chemicals (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 28 April 2005)
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin reports that "pipe traps can control [coqui] frogs without chemicals" (28 April 2005).

State of Hawaii appropriates $300,000 for invasive species/coqui control
A bill was signed on 13 May 2005 relating to invasives species to appropriate $300,000 in general funds to the counties to accelerate the control and eradication of invasive species, including the coqui frog. The funds would go directly to the counties in the following amounts: County of Hawai`i - $100,000, County of Maui - $100,000, County of Kauai - $50,000, City and County of Honolulu - $50,000.

Conquering the coqui requires funding from the state (Honolulu Star-Bulletin editorial, 14 April 2005)
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin (http://starbulletin.com)

3-year coqui habitat study planned on Big Island
"Lingle pledges help to clear Lake Wilson" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 8, 2003).

Two UH-Hilo biologists to study coqui habitat in lower Puna
The State of Hawaii DLNR/DOFAW urges people not to use Olea europaea (Oleaceae) horticulturally.

Bills seek to muffle isle frog
"Group targets weed choking Lake Wilson: Gov. Lingle's support is sought in an effort to rein in the plant" (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 7, 2003).

Croak Those Noisy Frogs
"Croak those noisy frogs" is an article from the Hawaii Reporter.

The L-Bomb (lime as a control agent for coqui frogs)
"Lake Wilson must be saved from alien plant," a letter to the editor of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin (December 21, 2002).

Steam kills Big Island infestation (of coqui frogs)
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin (http://starbulletin.com)

New weapon found to fight coqui
Description of USGS's research on remote sensing coral reefs in Hawaii. Contains links to many other coral reef sites.

Coqui frog colonies spread across Maui
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin presents an article entitled "Coqui frog colonies spread across Maui" (20 January 2004).

Citric acid aids fight against coqui frog
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin (http://starbulletin.com)

Shipments spreading coqui
"The invasive coqui tree frog, that tiny night singer with a big voice and a two-note repertoire, has been expanding from its foothold in the damper areas of the Big Island to the rest of the state, including Oahu."

Hawaii on front line to fight invasive species: Officials warn of the threat to the islands without more funding
coqui frogs

Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
PT's bookmarks

Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
Course material and virtual herbarium for College of Micronesia-FSM SC 250 Botany class.

"State hopes caffeine concentrate curbs frogs on Big Island"
This Honolulu Advertiser article (17 Feb. 2001) discusses the possibility of caffeine being able to control coqui frogs on the Big Island (Hawaii).

"State must crack down on pests invading Isles"
"State must crack down on pests invading Isles" is an opinion letter by Tom Cannon published in the Honolulu Advertiser, 30 January 2001.

Many Mauians want to croak little foreign frogs"
"Many Mauians want to croak little foreign frogs" is an article about coqui frogs on Maui; the article was presented in Pacific Business News in their 27 November 1998 print version.

$7 million sought to fight coqui frogs (article)
"U.S. Rep. Ed Case is getting involved in the fight to rid Hawaii of noisy coqui frogs, asking the federal government to contribute $7 million to help combat the invasive species", reports the Honolulu Star Bulletin (May 15, 2004).

Coqui news from the Kauai Invasive Species Committee (KISC)
The Kauai Invasive Species Committee's (KISC) Coqui News is a weekly update on coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) eradication and control efforts on the island of Kauai.

Kiai Na Ku Moku O Maui Nui: newsletter of the Maui Invasive Species Committee (Fall 2006) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The Fall 2006 issue of Kiai Na Ku Moku O Maui Nui--the newsletter of the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC)--contains articles about pampas grass; the National Park Service; the Hawaii state noxious weed list; Mike Ade, MISC's senior field supervisor; Bob Flint and coqui frogs in the Kokomo area; MISC on Lanai; Brahminy blind snakes; the MISC early detection program; and the Maui I Ka Aina award.

Kiai Na Ku Moku O Maui Nui: newsletter of the Maui Invasive Species Committee (Spring 2007) View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) (http://www.hear.org/); webmaster: Philip A. Thomas

Funds for coqui fight taken from other state agencies
"The [Hawaii] state Legislature approved nearly $5 million for the eradication and prevention of coqui frogs and other invasive species in the recent session, showing that lawmakers are taking the issue seriously."

Hawaii's hated frogs
This Science News Online articles reviews the history of coqui and greenhouse frogs in Hawaii and looks at their impact and present eradication techniques.


Full-text articles

Population Densities of the Coqui, Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Newly Invaded Hawaii and in Native Puerto Rico
"Eleutherodactylus coqui was accidentally introduced to east Hawaii Island in the late 1980s and has since become established as scattered populations across the island. Mark-recapture study plots indicate that population size remains small for the first year after initial colonization. Plots in heavily forested areas where the Coqui has become well-established yield population estimates of frog density three times the estimates reported from native populations in Puerto Rico." [from abstract]

Infection of Eleutherodactylus coqui by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Researchers report the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was found in introduced Eleutherodactylus coqui populations in Hawaii, raising questions about the fungus' role as a potential biocontrol agent.

Bibliographic resources about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii
Bibliographic resources about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii are presented by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

Human-mediated escalation of the invasion of coqui frogs in Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
The many misguided decisions that allowed the invasion of coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii to escalate beyond control are reviewed in this article published in Biological Invasions in 2002.

Eleutherodactylus frog introductions to Hawaii View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
This article documents the introduction of Caribbean frogs (Eleutherodactylus spp.) to Hawaii, and includes an extensive list of references regarding these frogs.


Other resources

COQUI-L listserv: coqui management in Hawaii
The purpose of this list is to provide a public forum for discussion of statewide efforts being made to understand and control coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii. The primary objective of this list is to develop a cooperative network through which coqui concerned groups and individuals may be more effective. Through an understanding of historic and present efforts in Hawaii and elsewhere it is our hope to facilitate more efficient coqui control campaigns in the future.

Frog status update for Hawaii (Eleutherodactylus species) as of 16 March 2001 View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
This document contains information regarding the current known distribution of these frogs in Hawaii, and of the development of control methods as of March 2001.

Additional (external) links about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) from CTAHR
Additional (external) links about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) are provided by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

UH/CTAHR "Control of coqui frogs in Hawaii" page
"The purpose of this Web site is to provide a comprehensive resource for biological and control aspects of the coqui frog invasion in Hawaii. Here you will find original research summaries, tips for homeowners, photos, and links to other Web sites and articles."

Hawaii contacts for reporting/questions about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui)
Hawaii contact information for reporting/questions about coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is provided by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

Coqui frog working group
This CTAHR page describes the Coqui Frog Working Group and contains links to the minutes of the meetings of that group.

Other resources RE: coqui frogs (Eleutherodacylus coqui) from CTAHR
Supplemental online resources RE: coqui frogs (Eleutherodacylus coqui) are provided by CTAHR (University of Hawaii).

Coqui articles in Environment Hawaii.org website
This real-time search for articles on the coqui frog in Environment Hawaii's archives provides the most up-to-date information available from this source.

Report a coqui!
This page provides information about where to submit a new sighting of coqui frogs in Hawaii.

Pesticide forms for using hydrated lime for coqui and greenhouse frog control in Hawaii
Pesticide forms for and information about using hydrated lime for coqui and greenhouse frog control in Hawaii are presented online by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, including: Label instructions for use of calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime); applicator authorization form; sales recordkeeping form; application for license of pesticides; application for license renewal of pesticides; electronic submissions information; and HDOA contact information.

Alien Caribbean Frogs in Hawaii
Information about alien Caribbean frogs in Hawaii is presented by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Pesticide (ranacide) label for caffeine View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format
online


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