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Gardner, D. E., C. S. Hodges, Jr., E. Killgore, and R. C. Anderson. 1997. An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens as a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii. Biological Control 10:151-157.
ABSTRACT
The rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens infects black-berry (Rubus argutus) systemically in regions of the continental United States, producing bright yellow--orange masses of spores on newly developing flori-canes during springtime. In tests to determine the suitability of this rust as a biological control agent for R. penetrans in Hawaii, a species now thought to be conspecific with R. argutus, rooted cuttings of the Hawaiian plants were grown at North Carolina State University, inoculated, and observed. Other intro-duced weedy Rubus spp. in Hawaii, including R. ellipti-cus, R. rosifolius, and R. glaucus, as well as the two endemic species R. hawaiensis and R. macraei, also were inoculated. No species of Rubus are of commer-cial importance in Hawaii, but the protection of the native species, of which R. macraei is rare, _as of utmost concern. The native Hawaiian species did not survive well in North Carolina in this study, however. Later availability of a plant pathogen containment laboratory in Hawaii enabled similar tests to be con-ducted at that facility. In addition to the above species, R. spectabilis (salmonberry), a species native to the Pacific Northwest with which the Hawaiian Rubus spp. are thought to share a common ancestor, was inoculated in Hawaii. Infection with G. nitens under natural field conditions becomes apparent only when sporulation occurs on floricanes the second year follow-ing infection. However, experimental inoculation led to early responses of chlorotic leaf flecking and pucker-ing, leaf and stem contortion, and stem gall formation, indicating the sensitivity of R. penetrans (=R. argu-tus), R. hawaiensis, and R. macraei to this rust. Appar-ent systemic infection also resulted in sporulation on one plant of R. macraei. Ability to attack the endemic species suggests that G. nitens would not be suitable for release in Hawaii as a biological control agent, at least on the islands with populations of the native species.

FULL TEXT
Full text not available for this publication.

HOSTS
Rubus sp. - Rubus

PATHOGENS
Gymnoconia nitens - Gymnoconia

RELEVANT TO BIOCONTROL
Yes.

KEY WORDS
Rubus, Gymnoconia nitens.

IMAGES
03_004 -- Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus macraei in quarantine 03_004 - Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus macraei in quarantine
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_007 -- Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in quarantine 03_007 - Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in quarantine
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_042 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_042 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_043 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_043 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_045 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_045 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_059 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_059 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_060 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_060 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_061 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_061 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_062 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_062 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_063 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_063 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_064 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_064 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_065 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_065 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_066 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_066 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_067 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_067 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_068 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_068 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_069 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_069 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
03_070 -- Gymnoconia nitens study 03_070 - Gymnoconia nitens study
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_004 -- Rubus macraei 05_004 - Rubus macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_008 -- Rubus hawaiensis in North Carolina 05_008 - Rubus hawaiensis in North Carolina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_015 -- inoculating Rubus hawaiensis 05_015 - inoculating Rubus hawaiensis
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_065 -- Rubus ellipticus, R. glaucus, R. hawaiensis behind R. macraei 05_065 - Rubus ellipticus, R. glaucus, R. hawaiensis behind R. macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_066 -- Rubus hawaiensis, Rubus ellipticus at N.C. State 05_066 - Rubus hawaiensis, Rubus ellipticus at N.C. State
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_067 -- Rubus penetrans 05_067 - Rubus penetrans
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_068 -- Rubus rosifolius 05_068 - Rubus rosifolius
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_069 -- Rubus ellipticus, Rubus macraei, Rubus glaucus 05_069 - Rubus ellipticus, Rubus macraei, Rubus glaucus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
05_070 -- Rubus ellipticus, Rubus glaucus 05_070 - Rubus ellipticus, Rubus glaucus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_025 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_025 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_026 -- Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiiensis 07_026 - Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiiensis
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_027 -- Gymnoconia mitens - infected Rubus macraei 07_027 - Gymnoconia mitens - infected Rubus macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_028 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_028 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_029 -- sporulation of Gymnoconia nitens the spring following inoculation and cold treatment 07_029 - sporulation of Gymnoconia nitens the spring following inoculation and cold treatment
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_030 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus macraei 07_030 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_031 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_031 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_032 -- Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiensis 07_032 - Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiensis
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_033 -- Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus macraei 07_033 - Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_034 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_034 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_035 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_035 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_036 -- stem lesions on Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiiensis 07_036 - stem lesions on Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus hawaiiensis
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_037 -- hyphae of Gymnoconia nitens in infected stem tissue of Rubus argutus 07_037 - hyphae of Gymnoconia nitens in infected stem tissue of Rubus argutus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_038 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_038 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_039 -- Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii 07_039 - Gymnoconia nitens - infected Rubus argutus from Hawaii
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_040 -- Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus macraei 07_040 - Gymnoconia nitens - inoculated Rubus macraei
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
07_041 -- hyphae of Gymnoconia nitens in infected stem tissue of Rubus argutus 07_041 - hyphae of Gymnoconia nitens in infected stem tissue of Rubus argutus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
10_078 -- Rubus penetrans 10_078 - Rubus penetrans
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_004 -- young Rubus in UH greenhouse 13_004 - young Rubus in UH greenhouse
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_005 -- young Rubus in UH greenhouse 13_005 - young Rubus in UH greenhouse
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_006 -- young Rubus in UH greenhouse 13_006 - young Rubus in UH greenhouse
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_007 -- Hawaiian Rubus argutus 13_007 - Hawaiian Rubus argutus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_008 -- Hawaiian Rubus argutus 13_008 - Hawaiian Rubus argutus
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_009 -- Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings 13_009 - Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_010 -- Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings 13_010 - Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_011 -- Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings 13_011 - Rubus macraei, R. spectabilis, R. hawaiensis cuttings
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
13_012 -- Rubus penetrans (argutus) 13_012 - Rubus penetrans (argutus)
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
27_073 -- Gymnoconia nitens basidium 27_073 - Gymnoconia nitens basidium
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
27_074 -- Gymnoconia nitens basidium 27_074 - Gymnoconia nitens basidium
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
28_032 -- Chuck Hodges spraying Rubus hawaiensis with Gymnoconia nitens at N.C. State University 28_032 - Chuck Hodges spraying Rubus hawaiensis with Gymnoconia nitens at N.C. State University
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_030 -- USDA sign 35_030 - USDA sign
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_031 -- Rubus argutus with anthracnose and near bypass ffree, Raleigh North Carolina 5/7/98 35_031 - Rubus argutus with anthracnose and near bypass ffree, Raleigh North Carolina 5/7/98
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_032 -- Rubus argutus with anthracnose and near bypass ffree, Raleigh North Carolina 5/7/98 35_032 - Rubus argutus with anthracnose and near bypass ffree, Raleigh North Carolina 5/7/98
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_033 -- Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina 35_033 - Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_034 -- Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina 35_034 - Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_035 -- diseased plant 35_035 - diseased plant
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_036 -- Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina 35_036 - Gymnoconia nitens on Rubus argutus in pastures near Raleigh North Carolina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
35_037 -- sign - Gardner Hall 35_037 - sign - Gardner Hall
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
46_041 -- koa rust with Tuberculina 46_041 - koa rust with Tuberculina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
46_042 -- koa rust with Tuberculina 46_042 - koa rust with Tuberculina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
46_043 -- stages of Koa rust 46_043 - stages of Koa rust
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
46_044 -- koa rust and Tuberculina 46_044 - koa rust and Tuberculina
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus
46_067 -- Rubus argutus from Hawaii in N.C. State University greenhouse 46_067 - Rubus argutus from Hawaii in N.C. State University greenhouse
PATHOGEN: Aspergillus melleus

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