Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. Family - Araceae. Common Names(s) - Calla Lily. Synonym(s) - Calla aethiopica L..

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

15

Notes

Source

1.01

Although there are several cultivars of Zantedeschia aethiopica, this assessment refers to the original form native to South Africa, which has not been modified from its original form. (1)There are six species and numerous hybrids and cultivars of calla lilies. All are strikingly beautiful, and even when not in flower, the large, tropical looking, spear shaped leaves make a lush statement, like bananas, cannas or ginger.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/Z/zant_aet.cfm [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to South Africa…now widely escaped from cultivation in upland regions of the tropics (2)This plant, which thrives in a Mediterranean climate, was introduced for horticulture.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Rippey, E. and B. Rowland. 2004. Coastal Plants: Perth and the South West Region. University of Western Australia Press. Crawley, Western Australia.

2.02

Native range well-known

2.03

(1)It tolerates tropical through to cold climates, doesn't mind sun or shade, and will even tolerate frost down to -10°C. Not only that, it can withstand waterlogging for short periods, wind, salt and most soil types, including sandy. (2)The white arum forms large colonies in marshy areas ranging from the coast to an altitude of 2250m. Thus one will find them contending with humid, salt laden air at the coast and freezing, misty mountain grasslands at high altitudes. They are very versatile in the garden as a result. The leaves of the arum are very interesting in that they contain water stomata which can discharge excess water, by a process known as "guttation". This prevents water-logging and enables arum lilies to grow in wet conditions. (3)Plants produce large numbers of seed, the fresh seed germinating best in alternating temperature regimes of 15:5 deg. C and 20:10 deg. C. Germination rate decreases rapidly as temperatures rise above these values. [plants can survive, but may not reproduce as effectively in warmer termperatures]

(1)http://www.sgaonline.org.au/invasive_zantedeschia.html [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/zantedeschaeth.htm [Accessed 29 Sep 2008] (3)Parsons, W.T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

2.04

(1)naturalized on Kauai and Maui

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)introduced to Europe in 1687, now widely escaped from cultivation in upland regions of the tropics in Asia and America

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.01

(1)naturalized on Kauai and Maui (2)Zantedeschia is a weed throughout most of Australia, except the Northern Territory, having escaped from dumped garden waste and from rubbish dumps. The plant is still widely available in nurseries outside WA, and is grown in gardens throughout Australia, so its potential to continue to reek havoc is very high. (3)N. Scattered; more common in North Auckland, Auckland Hawkes Bay and Gisborne. S. Nelson-Buller; Westland; Canterbury-Gore Bay. Swampy areas and damp waste land. [New Zealand]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.sgaonline.org.au/invasive_zantedeschia.html [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (3)Healy, A.J. and E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III: Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcr. A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres. http://FloraSeries.LandcareResearch.co.nz. Accessed 29 Sep 2008.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.03

(1)forms dense stands in pastures and under trees in wetter areas…toxic to stock, especially cattle (2)Dense infestations completely replace pasture species, reducing the available grazing area and, hence, pasture productivity, and it is known to cause stock deaths (Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001). Potential for greater than 5% reduction in yield. (3)Arum lily competes with valuable perennial pasture plants on summer land. It has been suspected of causing eczema in humans. Stock deaths have occurred from grazing arum lily.

(1)Hussey, B.M.J., G.J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S.G. Lloyd and R.D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds: A guide to the weeds of Western Australia. The Weeds Society of WA, Inc. Victoria Park, Australia. (2)Impact Assessment - White Arum Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_white_arum_lily [Accessed 29 Sep 2008] (3)Arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica). http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/PW/WEED/DECP/arum_lily.pdf [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

3.04

(1)It has become a serious environmental weed. It crowds out pasture and native plants, and it is toxic to stock. It has now been categorized by Agriculture Wester Australia as a Declared Plant, and this obliges landholders to control the plants at their own expense. (2)It is invasive because it forms dense patches that crowd out native plants and prevent their regeneration.

(1)Rippey, E. and B. Rowland. 2004. Coastal Plants: Perth and the South West Region. University of Western Australia Press. Crawley, Western Australia. (2)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.05

(1)Other Zantedeschia spp. Listed as naturalized, but none mentioned to have any adverse impacts

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamez.htm [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Animals will apparently eat the plants and then become poisoned (1)Stock deaths have occurred from grazing arum lily.

(1)Arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica). http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/PW/WEED/DECP/arum_lily.pdf [Accessed 29 Sep 2008].

4.05

(1)It is toxic to stock, especially cattle.

(1)Hussey, B.M.J., G.J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S.G. Lloyd and R.D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds: A guide to the weeds of Western Australia. The Weeds Society of WA, Inc. Victoria Park, Australia.

4.06

Unknown if Z. aethiopica is an important alternate host (1)Can be infected with Cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus (Griffiths 1992). Potential host of common agricultural diseases.

(1)Impact Assessment - White Arum Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_white_arum_lily [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

4.07

(1)Danger: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction (2)For humans or pets and livestock some species may cause chronic or acute poisoning, dermatitis or photosensitization. Toxic plants which pose a risk to children and pets include: Datura spp., Thornapple; and Ricinus communis, Castor Oil seeds; Solanum nigrum, Black-berry Nightshade, and Zantedeschia aethiopica, Arum Lily which, on Friday 1 September 2006, was subject to a Western Australia-wide ban imposed to prevent the further spread of the attractive but poisonous plant, which has invaded thousands of hectares of farmland, forests and wetlands in the south-west.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/768/ [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (2)Spencer, R. 2006. Garden Plants as Environmental and Agricultural Weeds. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. South Yarra Victoria, Australia.

4.08

(1)No evidence (2)On Eclipse island WA it is forming monospecific stands and replacing a low open heath community (Keighery 1997). Heath ecosystems are adapted to fire (Groves 1994) and the succulent nature of Z. aethiopica foliage may lead to a reduction in fire frequency and intensity.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)Impact Assessment - White Arum Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_white_arum_lily [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

4.09

Shade tolerant, but most reference refer to optimal growth in sun (1)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (2)Except in dry climates, where a little part-day shade is helpful, full exposure to sun gives the best results. (3)It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. (4)Zantedeschia aethiopica grows from 0.6-1 m but may get taller in the shade. It has lush looking dark green leaves with an arrow head shape. The size varies according to the amount of shade...It can be planted as a foliage plant in deep shade under trees but will not flower well in this position.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/768/ [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (2)Everett, T.H. 1982. The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York, NY. (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Zantedeschia+aethiopica [Accessed 29 Sep 2008] (4)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/zantedeschaeth.htm [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

4.10

(1)pH Range: 5.5 to 7.5 Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Clay Loam (2)it can withstand waterlogging for short periods, wind, salt and most soil types, including sandy. (3)It can be grown as a water plant, and tolerates many types of soil.

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_71b0.html [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (2)http://www.sgaonline.org.au/invasive_zantedeschia.html [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (3)http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/zantedeschia/zantedeschia_1723.php [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

4.11

(1)Large herbs up to 0.75 m tall

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)It is invasive because it forms dense patches that crowd out native plants and prevent their regeneration.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Araceae

5.03

Araceae

5.04

Can spread by rhizome fragments [Yes to 6.06] (1)stems usually subterranean, short, erect. (2)(1)Rhizome fragments are carried by streams...Scattered plants cab be hand pulled or dug out, the rootstock must be removed.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.02

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.03

Unknown if natural hybridization occurs (1)Abstract;Two cultivars of Zantedeschia aethiopica (group 1) and 21 cultivars in other Zantedeschia spp. (group 2) were hybridized to investigate the cross-compatibility of each combination. From a total of 757 crosses from 37 hybrid combinations that were attempted, 3,144 resulting embryos were cultured. As a result, 175 embryos representing 26 combinations formed shoots, but all hybrids were albino and viable only in vitro. Some hybrids had plastids of both parents, but no relationship between the appearance of albino hybrids and plastid inheritance could be detected. (author abst.)

(1)Takashi, K., I. Koji and M. Genjiro. 2006. Compatibility of Interspecific Hybridization in Zantedeschia. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 75(3): 273-275.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Insects. (2)cantharophilous [beetle pollinated]

(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Zantedeschia+aethiopica [Accessed 29 Sep 2008] (2)Singh Y., A.E. vanWyk and H. Baijnath.1996. Floral biology of Zantedeschia aethiopica (L) Spreng (Araceae). South African Journal of Botany 62: 146–150.

6.06

(1)Rhizome fragments are carried by streams.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.07

(1)Seedling plants may not flower until the third or fourth year.

(1)Parsons, W.T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

7.01

(1)Calla lily reproduces by bird-dispersed seeds and vegetatively via rhizomes, which may be spread by moving soil or garden cuttings.

(1)http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/plant_profiles/Zantedeschia_aethiopica.php [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

7.02

(1)Ornamental

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.03

(1)No evidence and no means of external attachment

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.04

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.05

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.06

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.07

(1)No means of external attachment

(1)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/zantedeschaeth.htm [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

7.08

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals. (2)‘Foxes and stock consume the seed and also aid dispersal (Blood 2001, Moore 1997)’.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)Impact Assessment - White Arum Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/impact_white_arum_lily [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

8.01

(1)The seed of Zantedeschia is attractive to birds, and with up to 500 seeds per flower head, they can be spread far and wide.

(1)http://www.sgaonline.org.au/invasive_zantedeschia.html [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

8.02

(1)The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals. (2)Seeds germinate readily, but do not remain viable from year to year. (3)Seeds, however, are particularly short ;lived, which results in a general absence of a viable seed bank in the soil from year to year.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=H10 [Accessed 29 Sep 2008] (3)Parsons, W.T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

8.03

(1)Scattered plants can be hand pulled or dug out, the rootstock must be removed. Seed production can be prevented by spraying plants with 2,4-D, glyphosate or chlorsulfuron before fruits are becoming ripe. Follow-up programmes may be necessary to treat regrowth and seedlings. (2)Glyphosate can be used at 1:100 but results are only fair. Reasonable alternative to 2,4-D in restricted spraying areas. Use chlorsulfuron in areas where restrictions apply to use of 2,4-D...Gramoxone...# This is a very effective treatment as it appears to reduce the underground rhizomes or tubers...Application through blanket wiper is also very effective for all the above chemicals.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. (2)Arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica). http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/PW/WEED/DECP/arum_lily.pdf [Accessed 29 Sep 2008]

8.04

Removing above ground biomass will not kill plant (1)Single plants or small groups are better grubbed than treated chemically, taking care to remove all the fleshy rhizomes to minimize regrowth.

(1)Parsons, W.T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

8.05

Unknown