Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 4 (high risk based on second screen)
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments |
Triplaris weigeltiana Kuntze Family - Polygonaceae Common Names(s) -long John, long Jack. Synonym(s) - Triplaris surinamensis Cham. |
Answer |
Score |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
0 |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
||
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
||
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? |
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
2 |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4 |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
2 |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
||
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
||
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
||
4.10 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
||
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
0 |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
2 or 3 |
0 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
Total score: |
4 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
No evidence. |
|
1.02 |
||
1.03 |
||
2.01 |
(1) Native : French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
2.02 |
(1) Native: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
2.03 |
(1) USDA zones 9B - 11; Plant in frost free areas. |
(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
2.04 |
(1) Native : French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
2.05 |
(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is considered a moderate invader in French Polynesia. (2) Considered a priority environmental weed in Natural Resource Areas, Australia. (3) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. (3) Tropilab has seeds for sale. |
(1) Sherley, G. (ed). 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa. (2) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/nrmweedsurveyreport.pdf [Cited 2009 September 24]. (3) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (4) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
3.01 |
(1) Naturalizing in Bramston Beach area, Australia. |
(1) http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Weeds.pdf [Cited 2009 September24]. |
3.02 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/triplaris_weigeltiana/[Cited 2009 September 24]. |
3.03 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/triplaris_weigeltiana/[Cited 2009 September 24]. |
3.04 |
(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is considered a moderate invader in French Polynesia. (2) Considered a priority environmental weed in Natural Resource Areas, Australia. |
(1) Sherley, G. (ed). 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa. (2) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/nrmweedsurveyreport.pdf [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
3.05 |
(1) Triplaris americana is considered a weed in South Africa. There are localized populations. It is considered a dangerous species because of its ability to spread. (2) Triplaris americana is prohibited and must be controlled in South Africa. |
(1) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC846E/ac846e06.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.gisp.org/publications/reports/SOUTHERN.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.01 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.02 |
Unknown |
|
4.03 |
(1)Not parasitic. "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.04 |
Unknown |
|
4.05 |
(1) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. |
(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.06 |
No evidence. (1) "In their native habitats most Triplaris species harbor stinging or biting ants in their hollow stems of the bases of their slightly spreading ocreas." |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
4.07 |
(1) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. |
(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.08 |
Unknown |
|
4.09 |
(1) Full sun. (2) Partial shade. |
(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. (2) http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1949%20Vol.%2062/189-196(MENNINGER).pdf [cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.10 |
Unknown (1) Triplaris weigeltiana is found on disturbed or newly sedimented parts of the rivers in Guyana. |
(1) http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.11 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
4.12 |
(1)Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kintze (synonym T. surinamensis) (Polygonaceae). Naturalized in French Polynesia, on the island of Tahiti, between 10-300 m elevation. It forms dense stands with numerous seedlings (Meyer, unpublished data). It is also invasive in South Africa. |
(1)Meyer, J-Y, and J-P Malet. 2000. Forestry and agroforestry alien trees as invasive plants in the Pacific Islands. Watershed management and sustainable mountain development, 4-8 September 2000 Apia, Samoa. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD672E/ad672e03.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2010] |
5.01 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
5.02 |
(1) Not a nitrogen fixer. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
5.03 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
5.04 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
6.01 |
(1) Forests dominated by Triplaris weigeltiana are commonly found in Suriname. |
(1) http://www.biol.ruu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
6.02 |
(1) Propagate by seed. |
(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
6.03 |
Unknown |
|
6.04 |
Unknown |
|
6.05 |
(1) Pollinated by stingless bees: Melipona favosa, Melipona compressipes, Trigona hyalinata branneri in Surinam. |
(1) Engel, M.S., Dingemans-Bakels, F., 1980. Nectar and pollen resources for stingless bees (Meliponinae, Hymenoptera) in Surinam (South America). Apidologie 11, 341-350. |
6.06 |
Unknown |
|
6.07 |
(1) Fast-growing |
(1) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Triplaris_surinamensis.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
7.01 |
(1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style). (2) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
7.02 |
(1) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. (2) Tropilab has seeds for sale. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. |
7.03 |
Unlikely, not grown with produce. (1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style). (2) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
7.04 |
(1) Wind dispersed. |
(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43. |
7.05 |
(1) Wind dispersed. |
(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43. |
7.06 |
(1) Wind dispersed. |
(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43. |
7.07 |
(1) Wind dispersed. |
(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43. |
7.08 |
[not consumed] (1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style). |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
8.01 |
(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple" |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
8.02 |
(1) Recalcitrant seeds. |
(1)
http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:WFSfCOK5iDIJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/ |
8.03 |
Unknown |
|
8.04 |
(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is found on disturbed or newly sedimented parts of the rivers in Guyana. Repetitive burning has led to large -scale herbaceous and grassy swamps, interspersed with Mauritia palms. |
(1) http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24]. |
8.05 |
Unknown |
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