Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Triplaris weigeltiana


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 4 (high risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments

Triplaris weigeltiana Kuntze Family - Polygonaceae Common Names(s) -long John, long Jack. Synonym(s) - Triplaris surinamensis Cham.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native : French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23].

2.02

(1) Native: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23].

2.03

(1) USDA zones 9B - 11; Plant in frost free areas.

(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23].

2.04

(1) Native : French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405257#syn [Cited 2009 September 23].

2.05

(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is considered a moderate invader in French Polynesia. (2) Considered a priority environmental weed in Natural Resource Areas, Australia. (3) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. (3) Tropilab has seeds for sale.

(1) Sherley, G. (ed). 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa. (2) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/nrmweedsurveyreport.pdf [Cited 2009 September 24]. (3) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (4) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23].

3.01

(1) Naturalizing in Bramston Beach area, Australia.

(1) http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Weeds.pdf [Cited 2009 September24].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/triplaris_weigeltiana/[Cited 2009 September 24].

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/triplaris_weigeltiana/[Cited 2009 September 24].

3.04

(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is considered a moderate invader in French Polynesia. (2) Considered a priority environmental weed in Natural Resource Areas, Australia.

(1) Sherley, G. (ed). 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa. (2) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/nrmweedsurveyreport.pdf [Cited 2009 September 24].

3.05

(1) Triplaris americana is considered a weed in South Africa. There are localized populations. It is considered a dangerous species because of its ability to spread. (2) Triplaris americana is prohibited and must be controlled in South Africa.

(1) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC846E/ac846e06.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.gisp.org/publications/reports/SOUTHERN.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.01

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)Not parasitic. "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.06

No evidence. (1) "In their native habitats most Triplaris species harbor stinging or biting ants in their hollow stems of the bases of their slightly spreading ocreas."

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) Partial shade.

(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23]. (2) http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1949%20Vol.%2062/189-196(MENNINGER).pdf [cited 2009 September 24].

4.10

Unknown (1) Triplaris weigeltiana is found on disturbed or newly sedimented parts of the rivers in Guyana.

(1) http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.11

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

4.12

(1)Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kintze (synonym T. surinamensis) (Polygonaceae). Naturalized in French Polynesia, on the island of Tahiti, between 10-300 m elevation. It forms dense stands with numerous seedlings (Meyer, unpublished data). It is also invasive in South Africa.

(1)Meyer, J-Y, and J-P Malet. 2000. Forestry and agroforestry alien trees as invasive plants in the Pacific Islands. Watershed management and sustainable mountain development, 4-8 September 2000 Apia, Samoa. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD672E/ad672e03.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2010]

5.01

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

5.02

(1) Not a nitrogen fixer.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

5.03

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 September 24].

5.04

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

6.01

(1) Forests dominated by Triplaris weigeltiana are commonly found in Suriname.

(1) http://www.biol.ruu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 23].

6.02

(1) Propagate by seed.

(1) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Pollinated by stingless bees: Melipona favosa, Melipona compressipes, Trigona hyalinata branneri in Surinam.

(1) Engel, M.S., Dingemans-Bakels, F., 1980. Nectar and pollen resources for stingless bees (Meliponinae, Hymenoptera) in Surinam (South America). Apidologie 11, 341-350.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1) Fast-growing

(1) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Triplaris_surinamensis.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

7.01

(1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style). (2) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.02

(1) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii. (2) Tropilab has seeds for sale.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) http://www.tropilab.com/mulato-tree.html [Cited 2009 September 23].

7.03

Unlikely, not grown with produce. (1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style). (2) Triplaris weigeltiana are sparingly cultivated as street and shade trees in Hawaii.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.04

(1) Wind dispersed.

(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43.

7.05

(1) Wind dispersed.

(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43.

7.06

(1) Wind dispersed.

(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43.

7.07

(1) Wind dispersed.

(1) Kubitzki, K., Ziburski, A., 1994. Seed Dispersal in Flood Plain Forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26, 30-43.

7.08

[not consumed] (1) achene ca 1 cm long (including the style).

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

8.01

(1) "Trees to 5 m tall or more; leaves subsessile, the blades 10-22 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, acute apically, cuneate basally, entire, longitudinally lined, and with numerous pairs of prominent lateral veins; spikes 6-10 cm long, bearing numerous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, hirtellous bracts; pistillate perianth accrescent and enclosing the fruit, three of the sepals much enlarged, 2.8-3.2 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, suffused red purple, showy; achene ca 1 cm long (including the style), the styles red purple"

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Ctriplaris_weigeltiana.htm [Cited 2009 September 24].

8.02

(1) Recalcitrant seeds.

(1) http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:WFSfCOK5iDIJ:www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/
ch5/at_download/file+triplaris+weigeltiana&cd=68&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us [Cited 2009 September 23].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Triplaris weigeltiana is found on disturbed or newly sedimented parts of the rivers in Guyana. Repetitive burning has led to large -scale herbaceous and grassy swamps, interspersed with Mauritia palms.

(1) http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/Plant_Diversity_Guyana/Downloads/Chapter%2004%20Guiana%20Shield.PDF [Cited 2009 September 24].

8.05

Unknown


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