Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Tetrazygia bicolor (Florida clover ash)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

"in Hawaii infrequently cultivated and now naturalized in mesic to wet forest and disturbed areas such as along trails and roadsides, near Hilo and reported fron Nanawale Forest Preserve, Puna District, Hawaii."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

native to South Florida, Bahamas Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominica

2.02

Gilman E.F. 1997. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

native to South Florida, Bahamas Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominica

2.03

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd. 2)http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~fees/pubs/eh159a.html

USDA Hardiness Zone 10B-11, Pine rocklands ; Hammocks 2)Water requirement = high, adapted to coastal landscapes, medium salt tolerance

2.04

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

native to South Florida, Bahamas Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominica

2.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

Hawaii

3.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

"in Hawaii infrequently cultivated and now naturalized in mesic to wet forest and disturbed areas such as along trails and roadsides, near Hilo and reported fron Nanawale Forest Preserve, Puna District, Hawaii."

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

no description of thses characters

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory (SBML), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (2002) Systematic Botany and Mycology Fungal databases <http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/databaseframe.cfm> [Alfieri Jr., S.A., Langdon, K.R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J.W. (1984) Index of Plant Diseases in Florida. Florida Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Services, Div. of Plant Industry. Bull. No. ll (Revised), 389 pg.]

Phytophthora sp.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~fees/pubs/eh159a.html

rare, evergreen shrub

4.09

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913. (2) Gilman E.F. (1999) Tetrazygia bicolor, University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet FPS-577, October 1999. Available at <http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/tetbica.pdf> 3)http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/fyn/publications/dtpl-floweringtrees-f-z.htm

(1) in Hawaii infrequently cultivated and now naturalized in mesic to wet forest and disturbed areas such as along trails and roadsides. (2) page3. "Tetrazygia bicolor will survive full sun but prefers partial shade." 3)Full sun to light shade

4.1

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

Clay, sandy, loamy, well-drained; Alkaline, neutral, acidic; Moderate salt tolerance

4.11

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

shrub or small tree

4.12

floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html

no evidence, status is "Threatened" in native habitat of Florida

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

shrub or small tree

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 914

shrub or small tree

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 914

shrub or small tree

6.01

abundant fruit attracts birds

6.02

Gilman E.F. (1999) Tetrazygia bicolor, University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet FPS-577, October 1999. Available at <http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/tetbica.pdf>

page 3."Tetrazygia can be propagated from seed"

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

no evidence

7.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

"in Hawaii infrequently cultivated and now naturalized in mesic to wet forest and disturbed areas such as along trails and roadsides, near Hilo and reported fron Nanawale Forest Preserve, Puna District, Hawaii." Small seeds may attach to muddy shoes along trails

7.02

Gilman E.F. (1999) Tetrazygia bicolor, University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet FPS-577, October 1999. Available at <http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/tetbica.pdf>

page1." Availablity: grown in small quantities by a small number of nurseries."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

Fruit attracts birds

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

Fruit attracts birds

8.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P. 913

berries 6-8mm long including the constricted neck just below the flaring calyx limb. Seeds 1.5-2mm long.

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/fyn/publications/dtpl-shrubs-r-z.htm

Cannot be used as hedge, as branches die when pruned.

8.05

no evidence