Terminalia myriocarpa risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Terminalia myriocarpa

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -2

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Terminalia myriocarpa (Jhalna, hollock, East indian almond) Family - Combretaceae	Answer	Score
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)	n	0
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	2
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2	2
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	y	1
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y	1
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05	y	1
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	y	1
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	n	0
4.02	Allelopathic	n	0
4.03	Parasitic	n	0
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals
4.05	Toxic to animals	n	0
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	n	0
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	n	0
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	n	0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle	y	1
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	n	0
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	n	0
4.12	Forms dense thickets	n	0
5.01	Aquatic	n	0
5.02	Grass	n	0
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	n	0
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	n	0
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	n	0
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y	1
6.03	Hybridizes naturally
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	n	-1
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	n	0
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	n	-1
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	4	-1
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	n	-1
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y	1
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	n	-1
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	y	1
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	n	-1
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	n	-1
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	n	-1
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	n	-1
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	n	-1
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)
	Total score:		-2

Supporting data:

	Notes	Reference
1.01	No evidence
1.02
1.03
2.01	(1)"It is known from rainforest areas of Bhutan, China (Xizhang), northeastern India, Sumatra, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam; from sea level up to 1500 m altitude (Lemmens et al., 1995; Luna, 1996). It is often found scattered along streams in evergreen hill forest. " (2)"Native range: India, China and Indonesia." (3)"Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE China: China - Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India [n.e.]; Nepal Indo-China: Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam [n.] Malesia: Indonesia - Sumatra [n.]; Malaysia"	(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/terminalia_myriocarpa.htm (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?36345
2.02
2.03	Altitude range: 0 - 1500 m	Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.
2.04	(1)"It is known from rainforest areas of Bhutan, China (Xizhang), northeastern India, Sumatra, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam; from sea level up to 1500 m altitude (Lemmens et al., 1995; Luna, 1996). It is often found scattered along streams in evergreen hill forest. " (2)"Native range: India, China and Indonesia."	(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/terminalia_myriocarpa.htm
2.05	(1)Introduced to Hawaii and Puerto Rico. (2)Introduced to Panama.	(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TEMY (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast
3.01	"In Hawai‘i, over 26,000 trees planted for reforestation, now naturalized at least on Kaua‘i, Maui and Hawai‘i ."	http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/terminalia_myriocarpa.htm
3.02	No evidence
3.03	No evidence
3.04	Other than being listed to be invasive in Hawaii, there is no evidence of this species being an environmental weed in Hawaii or elsewhere.	http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/terminalia_myriocarpa.htm
3.05	Terminalia oblongata is listed as a 'Principal' weed in Australia.	Holm, LeRoy G., Pancho, Juan V., Herberger, James, P. and Plucknett, Donald L. 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar. Florida. Page 360.
4.01	No evidence of such structures.
4.02	No evidence.
4.03	No evidence
4.04	Don’t know
4.05	No evidence
4.06	(1)The following insects and fungi were listed to be associated with Terminalia myriocarpa: Fomes pachyphloeus fungus Schizophyllum commune (wood rot) fungus Auletobius fulginousus insect Lymantria bivittata insect Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth) insect Thamnurgides glandis insect (2)Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth) - is a recognized economic pest -"The pink gypsy moth, Lymantria mathura is a major defoliator of deciduous trees in the Palearctic, primarily in eastern Asia from India to the Russian Far East." "Risks associated with L. mathura have been evaluated previously. In the Exotic Forest Pest Information system, L. mathura was considered to pose a very high risk to North America forests relative to other forest pests and pathogens, and this assessment was given with a very high degree of certainity." - although its host range is very wide including 45 general and 24 families	Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.
4.07	No evidence
4.08