Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Taliparti elatum
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 5 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Hibiscus elatus (syn. of Talipariti elatum); blue mahoe, Cuban bast [Fryxell, P. A. (2001) Talipariti (Malvaceae), a segregate from Hibiscus . Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, 2001, Vol.23, pp.225-270] |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
y |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
5 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
"widely planted and naturalized from southern Florida to Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, and throughout the West Indies. " |
http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/htmlDocs_tropamerican/Hibiscuselatus.html |
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
2.01 |
Review of natural distribution |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
Natural latitude range |
(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/ma/ma-carib.htm (3)http://www.mountain-portal.co.uk/text/state/ma5.htm (4)http://www.globalecotechnics.com/tropicventuresmahoe.html (5)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Hibiscuselatus.pdf (6)Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Handbook 449. |
2.04 |
Natural latitude range |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2.05 |
Location of introductions: |
CAB International, (2001) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
3.01 |
"widely planted and naturalized from southern Florida to Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, and throughout the West Indies. " |
http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/htmlDocs_tropamerican/Hibiscuselatus.html |
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
(1)listed as Principle weed of Jamaica [native to Jamaica and it is the National tree threre!] (2)In Jamaica - common but mostly as a result of planting [contradicts the first reference] (3)not an invasive plant of Jamaica |
(1)Geographic Atlas of World Weeds, Holm, Pancho, Herberger, Pluncknett (2)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona. (3)http://www.jamaicachm.org.jm/aliens_i_pl.htm |
3.04 |
(1) "Species that has been able to regenerate and compete in forests stands and is likely to become common or abundant within the next century" [in Puerto Rico, as described in Francis & Liogier (1991)]] (2)Described as a valuable and environmentally friendly tree in Puerto Rico's forests, as part of sustainable forestry program |
(1)http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/w-inv4.rtf (2)http://www.ecotechnics.edu/lc.html |
3.05 |
H. abelmoschus was listed as a common weed in Indonesia; H. articulatus was listed as a common weed in Angola; H. aspera was listed as a common weed in Gahna, Ivory Coast; H. cannabinus was listed as a serious weed in Zimbabwe, and common weed in Cambodia. |
Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979. |
4.01 |
no description of these traits |
CAB International, (2001) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
no evidence |
|
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
4.06 |
(1) Protection |
(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
4.07 |
If boiled with Cissus sicyoides it can be used to treat colds (2)The wood smells peppery when worked and causes sneezing |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermM/MALV.html |
4.08 |
"Marsh forest was once dominated by species of Symphonia, Terminalia, Hibiscus elatus, Grias cauliflora (the only West Indian representative of Lecythidaceae), and the endemic morass royal palm Roystonea princeps. " [probably not, wet habitat] |
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/ma/ma-carib.htm |
4.09 |
capable of regenerating in the shade of a closed canopy forest |
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Hibiscuselatus.pdf |
4.1 |
(1)Soil and physiography |
(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.green-seeds.com/PDF/landscape_pt.pdf |
4.11 |
no evidence |
|
4.12 |
no evidence |
|
5.01 |
an evergreen medium sized tree |
|
5.02 |
tree; Malvaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
5.04 |
an evergreen medium sized tree |
|
6.01 |
produce viable seeds in native habitat |
http://www.unesco.org/mab/capacity/mys/99/Sanchez/Sanchez.pdf |
6.02 |
"Ease of germination results in successful plantation establishment" |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
6.03 |
The timber tree Hibiscus elatus Sw. has been reported tohybridize with the shrubby Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda inJamaica (Adams 1971).' |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:fNbg6cV08RsJ: |
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
6.05 |
"In the morning when I open my flowers, they’ll have a bright yellow-orange coloration. At the end of the day, the flowers will change color to an orange-red. In the tropical rainforest, my flowers are visited and pollinated by bats. The bats come over to drink the sweet nectar that I produce for them. Here at this facility, I receive visits from many hummingbirds. Early in the morning, hummingbirds can be observed fighting for the chance to drink the sweet nectar from my flowers." [bat and bird pollinated] |
http://www.laparks.org/dos/forest/pdf/hibiscusElatus_elysianPK.pdf |
6.06 |
a single trunked tree |
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Hibiscuselatus.pdf |
6.07 |
Four year old plant are about 5 meters tall [don't know if large enough to flower - max height is 25 m] |
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Hibiscuselatus.pdf |
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
7.02 |
"one species (T. elatum , formerly H. elatus ) has been the subject of plantings on a small scale for timber production" |
Fryxell, P. A. (2001) Talipariti (Malvaceae), a segregate from Hibiscus . Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, 2001, Vol.23, pp.225-270, 106 ref. |
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
7.04 |
(1) Fruits are grey-green hairy capsules, 2.5 to 3 cm long
and contain numerous blackish-brown seeds. |
(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
7.05 |
seeds simply drop beneath the mother tree |
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Hibiscuselatus.pdf |
7.06 |
Fruits are grey-green hairy capsules, 2.5 to 3 cm long and contain numerous blackish-brown seeds. [no bird dispersal syndrome] |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
7.08 |
no evidence of ingestion |
|
8.01 |
(1) In the West Indies seeds ripen in March and April when
the capsules are picked and laid in the sun to dry. Seed weight in Jamaica
averages 1.8 to 1.9 g/100 seeds but is slightly less in Puerto Rico. |
(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
8.02 |
(1) Seed storage orthodox |
(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
8.03 |
no evidence that it is being controlled |
|
8.04 |
epicormic sprouting ability |
Ashton, P. M. S., J. S. Lowe, et al. (1990). Some evidence for the cause of epicormic sprouting in blue mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.) in the moist limestone region of Puerto Rico (West Indies). Journal Of Tropical Forest Science 3(2): 123-130. |
8.05 |
no evidence |
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This page updated 3 November 2005