Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf. Family - Apocynaceae. Common Names(s) - warty toad tree. Synonym(s) - Conopharyngia elegans (Stapf) Stapf.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)From Somalia to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and S. Africa (2)A large genus of about 100 trees and shrubs in the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia.

(1)http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=145050 [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.02

2.03

(1)Up to 700 m (2)Tabernaemontana elegans occurs in bushland, forest on coastal dunes, gallery forest or woodland, usually associated with Brachystegia spp., up to 1000 m altitude. It is semi-frost resistant and can grow in full sun to half-shade. (3)Climate: Tropical monsoon climate of the Indian Ocean

(1)http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=145050 [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Tabernaemontana%20elegans_En.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (3)Burgess, N. D. And G. Philip Clarke. 2000. Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN. Cambridge, UK.

2.04

(1)From Somalia to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and S. Africa (2)A large genus of about 100 trees and shrubs in the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia.

(1)http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=145050 [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.05

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

3.05

(1)Several species listed as weeds of some sort, but little or no evidence of substantial impacts reported.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

4.02

No evidence (1)Gully forest is another very varied vegetation type containing a wide diversity of species, but rarely all together in one locality. The most typical species are probably the low evergreen tree Englerophytum magalismontanum, and the shrubs Hexalobus monopetalus, Tabernaemontana elegans and Bauhinia galpinii.

(1)Timberlake, J. & Isaac Mapaure. 2007. Bubiana Conservancy vegetation survey. Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 17. Biodiversity Foundation for Africa. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

4.04

(1)The leaves are browsed by game.

(1)Van Wyk & Van Wyk. 1997. Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa: [Featuring more than 1000 Species]. Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa.

4.05

No evidence (1)The leaves are browsed by game. (2)"many seeds embedded in fleshy orange pulp…Fleshy pulp of fruit eaten by people, birds, monkeys and baboons."

(1)Van Wyk & Van Wyk. 1997. Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa: [Featuring more than 1000 Species]. Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa. (2)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

No evidence of allergic reactions or poisoning without ingestion (1)Poisonous Plant Parts - Not for Human Consumption contains indole alkaloids

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/200200015.html [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

4.08

(1)Because of its corky bark, it is fairly fire resistant.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Tabernaemontana%20elegans_En.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

4.09

(1)It is semi-frost resistant and can grow in full sun to half-shade. (2)Full sun to semi-shade (3)Tabernaemontana elegans...Shade loving sheltered good for birds scented white flowers

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Tabernaemontana%20elegans_En.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Tabernaemontana_elegans.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (3)http://www.gaea.co.za/upload/uploads/EIA5809/Appendix%2011.pdf [Accessed 31 OCt 2008]

4.10

(1)requires moderate water in well draining soil (2)often on sandy soil

(1)http://earthlandscapes.blogspot.com/2008/03/indigenous-beauties-tabernaemontana.html [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

4.11

(1)Small semi-deciduous tree to 8 m

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

4.12

No evidence (1)Tabernaemontana elegans occurs in bushland, forest on coastal dunes, gallery forest or woodland, usually associated with Brachystegia spp., up to 1000 m altitude. (2)Gully forest is another very varied vegetation type containing a wide diversity of species, but rarely all together in one locality. The most typical species are probably the low evergreen tree Englerophytum magalismontanum, and the shrubs Hexalobus monopetalus, Tabernaemontana elegans and Bauhinia galpinii.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Tabernaemontana%20elegans_En.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)Timberlake, J. & Isaac Mapaure. 2007. Bubiana Conservancy vegetation survey. Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 17. Biodiversity Foundation for Africa. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Apocynaceae

5.03

Apocynaceae

5.04

(1)Small semi-deciduous tree to 8 m

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

6.02

(1)Propagation: Seed, which must be fresh

(1)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown (1)Flower: White/cream/pale yellow. Fragrant. Axillary corymb. Hermaphrodite. (2)Cross-pollination is probably frequent, perhaps occurring regularly, as it is reported to do in Tabernaemontana and Voacanga. [does not indicate whether or not self-pollination occurs]

(1)Lovett, J.C., Chris K. Ruffo & Roy E. Gereau. Field Guide to the Moist Forest Trees of Tanzania. Available from http://www.cepf.net/ImageCache/cepf/content/pdfs/
final_5flovettruffogereau_5ffieldguide_2epdf/v1/final_5flovettruffogereau_5ffieldguide.pdf [Accessed 30 Oct 2008] (2)Steentoft, M. 1988. Flowering Plants in West Africa. Cambridge University Press. New York.

6.05

(1)Moths. Most moths are nocturnal, and some of them pollinate nocturnal flowers…Other nocturnal tubular flowers such as Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae) would also be visited by sphingid moths.

(1)Roubik, D.W., Shōko Sakai, Abang A. Hamid Karim. 2005. Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest: Sarawak Studies. Springer. New York.

6.06

No evidence (1)Propagation: Seed, which must be fresh

(1)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

6.07

(1)It flowers at three years, prolifically by five.

(1)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

7.01

No means of external attachment (1)Fruit: two almost rounded, beaked and widely spreading pods

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

7.02

Ornamental (1)This small deciduous tree. It has attractive dark green glossy leaves and rough, deeply fissured, corky bark. The flowers are also white and sweetly scented, attracting various insects.

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Tabernaemontana_elegans.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008]

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1)Fruit: two almost rounded, beaked and widely spreading pods

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

7.05

No direct evidence of water dispersal or seed buoyancy, but distribution suggest seeds might be dispersed by water (1)In woodland at low altitudes and in riverine situations. (2)Ecology: Lowland and riverine forest. Woodland. (3)often along rivers or in rocky places

(1)http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=145050 [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (2)http://www.york.ac.uk/res/celp/webpages/projects/ecology/tree%20guide
/pages/APOCYNACEAE/Tabernaemontana%20elegans%20.htm [Accessed 31 Oct 2008] (3)Van Wyk & Van Wyk. 1997. Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa: [Featuring more than 1000 Species]. Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa.

7.06

(1)"many seeds embedded in fleshy orange pulp…Fleshy pulp of fruit eaten by people, birds, monkeys and baboons." (2)Little is known about the dispersal of seeds of fleshy fruits, though Carissa edulis is eaten by baboons, Rauvolfia and Tabernaemontana by birds. (3)Once exposed, the mixture of orange pulp and dark seeds is rapidly consumed by birds and fruit bats.

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa. (2)Steentoft, M. 1988. Flowering Plants in West Africa. Cambridge University Press. New York. (3)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

7.07

No means of external attachment (1)Fruit: two almost rounded, beaked and widely spreading pods

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

7.08

(1)"many seeds embedded in fleshy orange pulp…Fleshy pulp of fruit eaten by people, birds, monkeys and baboons."

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

8.01

Unlikely, given small stature of tree (1)Small semi-deciduous tree to 8 m

(1)Schmidt, E., Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa.

8.02

Possibly not if fresh seed is required for propagation (1)Propagation: Seed, which must be fresh

(1)Johnson, D. and S. Johnson. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. Cape Town, South Africa.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown