Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Tabebuia donnell-smithii (gold tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence of naturalization

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to Mexico and Guatmela. (2)(1)Introduced to India, (2) Hawaii.

(1)Bose, T. Das, P and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Regional plant resources center. India. (2)(1)Bose, T. Das, P and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Regional plant resources center. India. (2)http://www.lcc.hawaii.edu/p350/

2.02

2.03

(1)200-3000 ft [planted] (2)from sea level to an elevation of about 800 ft. [natural] Occurs in mixed forests

http://kumu.icsd.hawaii.gov/hfciforest/non-native/gold.html

2.04

Native to Mexico and Guatmela.

Bose, T. Das, P and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Regional plant resources center. India.

2.05

(1)Introduced to India, (2) Hawaii. (3)widely cultivated

(1)Bose, T. Das, P and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Regional plant resources center. India. (2)http://www.lcc.hawaii.edu/p350/ (3)Whistler, W.A. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland

3.01

No evidence of naturalization

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

not inclined to be invasive

http://kumu.icsd.hawaii.gov/hfciforest/non-native/gold.html

3.05

Tabebuia haemantha is a common weed in Puerto Rico.

Holms et al. An electronic atlas of world weeds and invasive species. Cd-ROM database. Version 1.

4.01

No evidence

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No information regarding pathogens associated with this species.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Unlikely -- sun-loving trees are widely spaces in natural environment

4.09

Hot, sunny places

Whistler, W.A. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland

4.1

(1)fertile, well-drained soil (2)well-drained limestone, volcanic or alluvial soils

(1)Whistler, W.A. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland (2)http://pc37.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/htmlDocs%20tropamerican/Cybistaxdonnell

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Big tree, 10 to 20 m tall in Bignoniaceae.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

5.02

Big tree, 10 to 20 m tall in Bignoniaceae.

5.03

Big tree, 10 to 20 m tall in Bignoniaceae.

5.04

Big tree, 10 to 20 m tall in Bignoniaceae.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seeds are winged and relatively large.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

other Tabebuia are visited by bees

Borrero, H. J. I. 1972. Exploitation of the flowers of the lignum vitae tree Tabebuia chrysantha by various species of birds and insects. Biotropica, 4:.28-31

6.06

No capacity in this genus

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

7.02

Probably yes as it is used as an ornamental and shade in parks and gardens due to its beautiful yellow color flowers.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

7.03

Seeds are winged and relatively large.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

7.04

winged seeds.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

7.05

wind-dispered, not typically near water

7.06

wind-dispered

7.07

wind-dispered

7.08

wind-dispered

8.01

'...capsules of 25 to 50 flattened, acute cm in length, péndulas, with 9 to 12 ribs irregular, green grayish, that contain numerous winged and flattened seeds, brown yellowish, of 1,5 cm in length including the wing.' [large size seed, estimate 100 seeds per pod= borderline 1000/m2]

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm2/fichas/tabebuia_donnell-smithii.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bdonnell-smithii%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

8.02

No information [unlikely based on T. heterophylla]

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No information

8.05

Don’t know.