Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Tabebuia aurea
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Tabebuia aurea (silver trumpet tree, yellow trumpet tree, caribbean trumpet tree) Synonym: Tabebuia argentea Family- Bignoniaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | n | 0 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y | 1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 4 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 3 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | It is found in disturbed sites in Palm Beach and Broward County, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Wunderlin, 1998 | http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/tabaur.html |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | "Silver trumpet tree is native to Brazil, where it grows in seasonal dry vegetation zones and is widely cultivated." | Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
| 2.02 | (1)"Silver trumpet tree is native to Brazil, where it grows in seasonal dry vegetation zones and is widely cultivated." (2)It is found in disturbed sites in Palm Beach and Broward County, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Wunderlin, 1998 | (1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/tabaur.html |
| 2.03 |
Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) |
http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html |
| 2.04 | "Silver trumpet tree is native to Brazil, where it grows in seasonal dry vegetation zones and is widely cultivated." | Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
| 2.05 | It is found in disturbed sites in Palm Beach and Broward County, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Wunderlin, 1998 | http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/tabaur.html |
| 3.01 | It is found in disturbed sites in Palm Beach and Broward County, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Wunderlin, 1998 | http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/tabaur.html |
| 3.02 | It is found in disturbed sites in Palm Beach and Broward County, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Wunderlin, 1998 | http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/tabaur.html |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 |
(1)Tabebuia heterophylla - "Invasive in Hawai‘i. Reported invasive on Diego
Garcia and naturalizing on Kwajalein (Whistler and Steele, 1999).
Naturalized in some locations on Nimitz Hill, Guam (Bart Lawrence, personal
communication). Reported to be a problem species on Diego Garcia, Indian
Ocean." (2)"General impacts of T. heterophylla: On the island Mauritius, Parnell et al. (1989) found that, "T. heterophylla was spreading rapidly on the island, with small numbers of mature trees present but abundant young plants and seedlings. It appears to grow faster than any native or exotic tree on the island. Most T. heterophylla bear leaves and branches almost to the base and cast a deep shade under which virtually no other species grow. T. heterophylla is deciduous and its thick litter layer may also prevent the growth of native seedlings. PIER (2004) states that, "T. heterophylla is invasive in Hawai‘i. It is also reported invasive on Diego Garcia and naturalizing on Kwajalein (Whistler and Steele, 1999). T. heterophylla is also naturalized in some locations on Nimitz Hill, Guam (Bart Lawrence, personal communication)." Zimmerman et al. (2000) state that, "T. heterophylla readily invades pasture via seed." In their study, Zimmerman et al. (2000) state that, "T. heterophylla appears to facilitate the colonization of many common forest species that are unable to establish in recently abandoned pasture." Weaver (1990) states that, "T. heterophylla regenerates and forms pure stands on grasslands and degraded soils, in particular on exposed upper slopes and ridges, where competition from faster growing, larger, and more tolerant trees is lacking." In the seedling and sapling stages, T. heterophylla is an aggressive pioneer (Weaver, 1990), and it can maintain viable populations in both dry and moist forest habitats (Cordero and Molano, 1996)." |
(1)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/tabebuia_heterophylla.htm (2)http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species /ecology.asp?si=868&fr=1&sts= |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such traits. | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | " ...Herbivory on seedlings was lower in the Pantanal than in the cerrado. Although seedlings of T. aurea from the Pantanal suffered the highest rates of herbivory in the cerrado, they survived equally to seedling genotypes from the cerrado. Tabebuia aurea had a higher mortality in both the cerrado and under controlled environmental conditions....' [Dont know palatability to livestock]. | http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01133.x |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 | No evidence regarding associated pests or pathogens. | |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Don’t know - In its native range it grows in seasonally dry vegetation zones. Might be a fire hazard as it is a deciduous tree that drops all its leaves before flowering during the dry period - summer. But it is not know to form dense thickets and the trees are generally not planted in groups. | http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html |
| 4.09 | Sun exposure- full sun. | http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html |
| 4.1 | (1)Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral), 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) (2)Prefers well drained sandy soils. |
(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html (2)http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf#search=%22%22tabebuia%20aurea%22%20 prune%7Cpruning%7Ccoppice%22 |
| 4.11 | A tree. | Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | A teresstrial tree. | Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | No evidence that it can fix nitrogen. | |
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | "Abstract: The pollination ecology and breeding systems of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook., and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl, were investigated in an area of cerrado vegetation in the Federal District of Brazil. These species occur sympatrically, flower massively and synchronously for a month, during the dry season (July to September). Both have diurnal anthesis, with similar floral structures, a yellow tubular corolla and produce nectar. Fourteen species of bees visited both Tabebuia species, but, only three Centris species and Bombus morio, were considered potential pollinators, because of their high frequency on the flowers and their efficiency in carrying pollen. Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that boths species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility. The proportion of fruit set from cross pollination (T. aurea 17.2% and T. ochracea 12.3%) in both species was low considering the great number of flowers displayed. This suggests a lack of maternal resources for fruit-set. The great amount of seeds per fruit (about 92 in T. aurea and 285 in T. ochracea) may represent an investment of maternal resources allocated on higher quality of fertilized ovules." |
Granja Barros, Mariluza. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso)
Benth. and Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae) in Central
Brazil cerrado vegetation Revista Brasileira de Botanica 24 (3) : 255-261 2001 |
| 6.02 | (1)"Propagation Methods: From seed; direct sow after last frost (2)Tabebuia aurea is found in areas of Cerrado, Caatinga, Amazon Forest and Pantanal., It is used medicinally, for landscaping, and as timber for construction. For presenting wide use and distribution, the objective of this study was to characterize morfologically and analyze the viability and vigor of the harvested seeds of this species originated from the Cerrado. The seeds were germinated immediately after harvest and at 30, 60 and 90 days after the storage in laboratory and field, being also tested with tetrazolium. Seeds measured, in average, 57.8 x 20.6 x 3.1 mm (with wings) and 17.3 x 13.3 x 1.7 mm (without wings), which were antisymmetrical . The average seed weight was 13.18 g (with wings) and 11.55 g (without wings). T. Aurea presented greater viability immediately after harvest, greater percentage of germination in laboratory 30 days after storage, and greater percentage of accumulated germination on field surface. Seed viability, checked by the tetrazolium test, gave results similar to the ones obtained from the germination test in laboratory, indicating that it is satisfactory to test the viability of this species." [Anstract] | (1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html (2)http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-67622006000100004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |
| 6.03 | Some Tabebuia species are know to forms hybrids but no evidence of T. aurea forming hybrids. ["Abstract: Seven new taxa, 5 spp., a hybrid and a variety of the genus Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) from Cuba are described. All the taxa are endemic to the Cuba flora and include the following: T. perelegans sp. nov., T. zolyomiana sp. nov., T. triorbicularis sp. nov., T. t. Borhidi var. obovata var. nov., T. capotei sp. nov., T. del -riscoi sp. nov., Tabebuia .times. T. rosariensis hybrid nov. [T. del-riscoi .times. T. angustata]. | BORHIDI
A. NOTES ON THE CUBAN BIGNONIACEAE 1. NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TABEBUIA IN
CUBA Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26 (1-2) : 15-24 1980 |
| 6.04 | "Abstract: The pollination ecology and breeding systems of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook., and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl, were investigated in an area of cerrado vegetation in the Federal District of Brazil. These species occur sympatrically, flower massively and synchronously for a month, during the dry season (July to September). Both have diurnal anthesis, with similar floral structures, a yellow tubular corolla and produce nectar. Fourteen species of bees visited both Tabebuia species, but, only three Centris species and Bombus morio, were considered potential pollinators, because of their high frequency on the flowers and their efficiency in carrying pollen. Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that boths species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility. The proportion of fruit set from cross pollination (T. aurea 17.2% and T. ochracea 12.3%) in both species was low considering the great number of flowers displayed. This suggests a lack of maternal resources for fruit-set. The great amount of seeds per fruit (about 92 in T. aurea and 285 in T. ochracea) may represent an investment of maternal resources allocated on higher quality of fertilized ovules." |
Granja Barros, Mariluza. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso)
Benth. and Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae) in Central
Brazil cerrado vegetation Revista Brasileira de Botanica 24 (3) : 255-261 2001 |
| 6.05 | "Abstract: The pollination ecology and breeding systems of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook., and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl, were investigated in an area of cerrado vegetation in the Federal District of Brazil. These species occur sympatrically, flower massively and synchronously for a month, during the dry season (July to September). Both have diurnal anthesis, with similar floral structures, a yellow tubular corolla and produce nectar. Fourteen species of bees visited both Tabebuia species, but, only three Centris species and Bombus morio, were considered potential pollinators, because of their high frequency on the flowers and their efficiency in carrying pollen. Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that boths species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility. The proportion of fruit set from cross pollination (T. aurea 17.2% and T. ochracea 12.3%) in both species was low considering the great number of flowers displayed. This suggests a lack of maternal resources for fruit-set. The great amount of seeds per fruit (about 92 in T. aurea and 285 in T. ochracea) may represent an investment of maternal resources allocated on higher quality of fertilized ovules." |
Granja Barros, Mariluza. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso)
Benth. and Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae) in Central
Brazil cerrado vegetation Revista Brasileira de Botanica 24 (3) : 255-261 2001 |
| 6.06 | No evidence regarding spread by vegetative means. | |
| 6.07 | (1)A frustratingly slow grower! (2)Growth rate - medium |
(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2559/index.html (2)http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Horticulture%20Fact%20Sheets/ TabebuiaAureaTabebuiaCaraibaTabebuiaArgentena SilverTrumpetTreeYellowTabebuia.pdf |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.02 | A tree of ornamental value. | Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
| 7.03 | Probably not - no evidence that the species is planted in or around crop plants. | |
| 7.04 | "Seeds flattened, 1.0- 1.5 cm long, wings fine with hyaline margin, body ovoid, differentiated from wings, embryo sub-reniform and compressed." | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 7.05 | Wind dispersed. | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 7.06 | Wind dispersed. | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 7.07 | Probably not - No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 7.08 | Probably not - No evidence of ingestion by birds or ungulates. | |
| 8.01 | Probably not - Seeds relatively large - 1.0-1.5 cm long. | http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/phyton/n1/n1a27.pdf |
| 8.02 | "Abstract - Tabebuia aurea is found in areas of Cerrado, Caatinga, Amazon Forest and Pantanal., It is used medicinally, for landscaping, and as timber for construction. For presenting wide use and distribution, the objective of this study was to characterize morfologically and analyze the viability and vigor of the harvested seeds of this species originated from the Cerrado. The seeds were germinated immediately after harvest and at 30, 60 and 90 days after the storage in laboratory and field, being also tested with tetrazolium. Seeds measured, in average, 57.8 x 20.6 x 3.1 mm (with wings) and 17.3 x 13.3 x 1.7 mm (without wings), which were antisymmetrical . The average seed weight was 13.18 g (with wings) and 11.55 g (without wings). T. Aurea presented greater viability immediately after harvest, greater percentage of germination in laboratory 30 days after storage, and greater percentage of accumulated germination on field surface. Seed viability, checked by the tetrazolium test, gave results similar to the ones obtained from the germination test in laboratory, indicating that it is satisfactory to test the viability of this species." [But no evidence regarding longevity/persistence of viable seeds under field conditions]. | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-67622006000100004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |
| 8.03 | No evidence that the species is being controlled for. | |
| 8.04 | "The tree and shrub mosaic comprises several types. On the more shallowly flooded savannas, where single trees dot the savanna, tree height ranges from 4 to 7 m. The most abundant species are fire tolerant species such as Copernicia alba, Tabebuia aurea and T. heptaphylla, Machaerium hirtum, and Pseudobombax marginatum and P. longiflorum." | http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0702_full.html |
| 8.05 | Don’t know |
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This page was created on 23 December 2006 by JS and was last updated on 30 August 2017 by PT./small>