Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Swietenia mahagoni
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -6
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Swietenia mahagoni; West Indian mahogany |
Answer |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
15 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
Total score: |
-6 |
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Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
|
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south:
20°N to 18°S |
|
2.02 |
||
|
2.03 |
(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/SWIMAHA.pdf (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (4)http://international.fws.gov/animals/swiemaha.html |
Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south:
20°N to 18°S |
|
2.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south:
20°N to 18°S |
|
2.05 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
List of countries where planted |
|
3.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/SWIMAHA.pdf |
Invasive potential: little, if any, potential at this time |
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 |
no description of these traits |
|
4.02 |
Taide, Y. B.; Babu, L. C.; Abraham, C. C. (1994) Influence of host species in the initial growth and development of sandal (Santalum album Linn.). Indian Journal of Forestry, 1994, Vol.17, No.4, pp.288-292, 8 ref. |
AB: Sandal is known to grow vigorously in association with certain preferred host plants. Pot experiments on the influence of 15 host plants on the initial growth and development of sandal are described here. Casuarina equisetifolia was the most suitable host, followed by Terminalia catappa , Albizia lebbeck , Dalbergia latifolia and Pongamia glabra [P. pinnata] . Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Ailanthus malabarica [A. triphysa], Cassia siamea, Delonix regia and Psidium guajava were not favourable for sandal growth. The other species tested were Leucaena leucocephala, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Swietenia mahagoni, Acacia auriculiformis and Azadirachta indica . Some combinations had synergistic effects while others showed allelopathic effects. [sandal is a parasite] |
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2. Non-wood uses: "fodder" |
|
4.05 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2. Non-wood uses: "fodder" |
|
4.06 |
(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Insect pests: |
|
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.09 |
(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/SWIMAHA.pdf (3)http://pppis.fao.org/ (4)http://pppis.fao.org/ |
(1)"Culture: Grow in full sun " (2)full sun or partial shade (3)Light intensity: very bright (preferred) to light shade (4)The tree is shade tolerant in the early stages. |
|
4.1 |
(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/SWIMAHA.pdf |
(1)"Culture: various soils" (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/SWIMAHA.pdf |
|
4.11 |
tree |
|
|
4.12 |
http://international.fws.gov/animals/swiemaha.html |
Trees are seldom found in abundance, but generally are scattered throughout the forest, one or two trees per acre or even less |
|
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
|
5.02 |
tree; Meliaceae |
|
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.04 |
tree |
|
|
6.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"However, over exploitation in natural ranges has resulted in genetic erosion, and conservation of existing natural populations is needed for further genetic improvement of this species. It has been registered on CITES Appendix II (1992) as an endangered species." [not due to natural enemies] |
|
6.02 |
Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 |
propagation: seed |
|
6.03 |
Marquetti, J. R.; Gainza, M. A.; Leon Acosta, J. L.; Monteagudo, R. (1975) Some aspects of the genetics of Swietenia spp. Baracoa, 1975, Vol.5, No.1/2, pp.3-16, 18 ref. |
AB: Describes the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Swietenia, noting the existence of three generally accepted species (S. mahagoni, S. macrophylla and S. humilis) and five other taxa of doubtful status; cites examples from observations in Cuba and elsewhere in the Caribbean of the occurrence of intermediate forms between S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla wherever these species grow close to each other; and presents evidence from local studies showing that the intermediate form found in Cuba is an F1 hybrid. |
|
6.04 |
Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 |
"dioecious" |
|
6.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.07 |
Soerianegara and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(1) : timber trees: Major commrcial timbers. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 605pp. |
p.444 "trees start to produces fruits regularly when about 15 years old." |
|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"It has been planted throughout the tropics in reforestation and plantation programmes. " |
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.04 |
Soerianegara and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(1) : timber trees: Major commrcial timbers. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 605pp. |
p.444 "The seeds are proided with a thin tail-like wing that makes them rotate when they fall, and are thus dispersed by wind as far as 500m fro the mother tree." |
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 |
"Fruit: Woody capsules to five inches long" |
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.01 |
Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. P.455 |
"Fruit: Woody capsules to five inches long" [personal observation: seeds are large, <100 seeds/capsule, fruit sparse] |
|
8.02 |
Soerianegara and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(1) : timber trees: Major commrcial timbers. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 605pp. |
p.445 "ripe fruit ust be collected to achive a good gemination rate. These open after days of storage and he seeds are very viable. The germinatin rate of fresh seeds is 60-90%. They can be stored up to 2 months or longer (up to 1 year) if kept cool in sealed containers at about 45% relative humidity." |
|
8.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.05 |
no evidence |
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