Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Stromanthe tonckat
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low Risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
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Stromanthe tonckat. Family - Marantaceae. Synonym- Maranta tonckat |
Answer |
Score |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
n |
0 |
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1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
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1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
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2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
2 |
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2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
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2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
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2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y |
1 |
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2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
n |
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3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
0 |
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3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
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3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
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3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
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3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
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4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
n |
0 |
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4.02 |
Allelopathic |
n |
0 |
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4.03 |
Parasitic |
n |
0 |
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4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
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4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
n |
0 |
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4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
n |
0 |
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4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
n |
0 |
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4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
n |
0 |
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4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y |
1 |
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4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
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4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
n |
0 |
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4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
n |
0 |
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5.01 |
Aquatic |
n |
0 |
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5.02 |
Grass |
n |
0 |
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5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
n |
0 |
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5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
n |
0 |
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6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
n |
0 |
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6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y |
1 |
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6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
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6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
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6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
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6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
n |
-1 |
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6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
0 |
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7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
n |
-1 |
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7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y |
1 |
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7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
n |
-1 |
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7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
n |
-1 |
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7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
n |
-1 |
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7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y |
1 |
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7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
n |
-1 |
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7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y |
1 |
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8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
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8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
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8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
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8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y |
1 |
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8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
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Total score: |
1 |
Supporting data:
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Notes |
References |
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1.01 |
No evidence |
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1.02 |
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1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1)Native: |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Stromanthe+tonckat (2)http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/?page=view&id=30784&PHPSESSID=20c98d801656bd2b3781eae6c1040772 |
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2.02 |
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2.03 |
Probably yes - (1)Grows at 1300 m in Costa Rica . (2)Grows at 130 m at Lyon Arboretum. (3)Specimens from the native range in Belize, Costa Rica, Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama were collected from above 1000 m. (4)Most specimens 500-1100 m in native range [borderline but rather narrow in range and habitat type] |
(1)http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/med/MARA-stro-tonc-1780890.jpg (2)http://wwwdev.hawaii.edu/lyonarboretum/aboutLyon_facts.php and Daehler, C.Curtis. and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3-18. (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (4)http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/047251/G047682.html |
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2.04 |
Native to Costa Rica. Naturalized in Haukulu along the trails and in unmanaged wet areas of Lyon Arboretum. |
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2.05 |
Introduced to Hawaii. [No further evidence of introductions.] |
(1)http://wwwdev.hawaii.edu/lyonarboretum/aboutLyon_facts.php and Daehler, C.Curtis. and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3-18. (2)http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20m?kind=Stromanthe+tonckat |
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3.01 |
'The species is common in Haukulu, where it has established along trails and in unmanaged wet areas of the Arboretum. It has definitely increased in abundance in recent years.' [No evidence of naturalization outside of the Arboretum where it is being controlled]. |
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3.02 |
No evidence |
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3.03 |
No evidence |
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3.04 |
No evidence |
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3.05 |
No evidence |
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4.01 |
No description of such traits. |
http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/med/MARA-stro-tonc-1780890.jpg |
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4.02 |
No evidence |
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4.03 |
This is a hemiepiphyte (germinates on trees but sends it roots to the ground as adults) |
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4.04 |
Don’t know. |
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4.05 |
No evidence |
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4.06 |
No evidence regarding pests and pathogens associated with this species. |
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4.07 |
No evidence |
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4.08 |
Probably not - grows in wet habitats. 'The genus Stromanthe has a neotropic distribution, often occuring in humid forests and high humid lands.' |
Title: [The genus Stromanthe Sond. (Marantaceae) in Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil.] Foreign Title: O genero Stromanthe sond. (Marantaceae) no estado de pernambuco: Nordeste do Brasil. Author(s): Yoshida-Arns, Karla Norye (arnspc@yahoo.com.br); Mayo, Simon; Alves, Marccus Vinicius Source: Ernstia 12 (1-2) : 31-42 Junio 2002(2003). |
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4.09 |
Probably yes - Fruiting plants reported to be established under Ficus trees at Haukulu, Lyon Arboretum. |
Daehler, C.Curtis. and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 87: 3-18 |
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4.1 |
No evidence regarding soil requirement. |
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4.11 |
An erect rhizomatous herb. |
(2)http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/med/MARA-stro-tonc-1780890.jpg |
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4.12 |
No evidence |
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5.01 |
A hemiparasitic plant - germinates on trees and the roots to the ground as an adult. |
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5.02 |
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5.03 |
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5.04 |
No evidence of such structures. |
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6.01 |
Produces fruit in native habitats. |
http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/med/MARA-stro-tonc-1780890.jpg |
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6.02 |
Probably yes - recruiting from seeds under Ficus trees at Haukulu, Lyon Arboretum. |
Daehler, C.Curtis. and Baker, Ray. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, Oahu. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 87: 3-18 |
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6.03 |
Don’t know. |
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6.04 |
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6.05 |
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6.06 |
Probably not - No evidence of spread by vegetative means in Stromathe tonckat. |
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6.07 |
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7.01 |
Probably not - fruit berries - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. |
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7.02 |
Probably yes - ornamental plant. |
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7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species grow in or around seed crops. |
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7.04 |
Probably not - Fruit is berry. No evidence that the seeds are adapted for wind dispersal. |
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7.05 |
Probably not - No evidence that the species inhabits waterways. |
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7.06 |
Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed berries |
David W. Snow. "Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey" Biotropica, Vol. 13, No. 1. (Mar., 1981), pp. 1-14. |
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7.07 |
Probably not - no evidence that propagules have any means of attachment. |
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7.08 |
Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed berries |
David W. Snow. "Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey" Biotropica, Vol. 13, No. 1. (Mar., 1981), pp. 1-14. |
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8.01 |
No evidence regarding seed size and number. |
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8.02 |
No evidence regarding seed bank. |
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8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
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8.04 |
reproduction and regrowth by rhizomes |
http://www.jardins-interieurs.com/pl-int-d./stromanthe.d.html |
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8.05 |
Don’t know. |
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This page created 1 August 2007