Strelitzia nicolai Regel& Körn Family -Strelitziaceae. Common Names(s) - bird-of-paradise-tree, white bird-of-paradise, Natalstrelitzie . Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) No evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to South Africa. (subtropics)

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35766 [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

2.02

(1) Native to South Africa. (subtropics)

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35766 [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

2.03

(1) USDA zones 9-11.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/products/market/view/2815/ [Accessed 2008 N0v 13].

2.04

(1) Native to South Africa. (subtropics)

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35766 [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

2.05

(1) Large populations of bird of paradise tree now inhabit shopping malls all over the country. It's size and bulk make it suitable for large-scale commercial landscapes, golf courses, parks, campuses. (2) S. nicolai is grown in Hawaii's gardens, primarily in larger and more spacious settings.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stre_nic.cfm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

3.01

(1) No evidence of naturalization.

3.02

No evidence (1) Little if any invasive potential at this time.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/STRNICA.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

3.03

No evidence (1) Little if any invasive potential at this time.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/STRNICA.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

3.04

No evidence (1) Little if any invasive potential at this time.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/STRNICA.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

3.05

Unknown (1) GCW references a PhD thesis that states S. alba is a weed in South-Eastern Australia bushland.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/strelitzia_alba/

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence of parasitism. S. nicolai

4.04

Unknown

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) Host for Calonectria spathiphylli. (2) Calonectria spathiphylli is considered a primary pathogen of Heliconia species.

(1) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=16&sid
=c4850e4e-10b2-40d2-aea9-9d2dad3d893e%40sessionmgr2&bdata=
JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20056401175 [Accessed 2008 Nov 10]. (2) http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/reports/heliconia_pest.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

4.07

Unknown. (1) One source suggests that parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2466/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

4.08

(1) S. nicolai occurs primarily in riverine vegetation, moist evergreen forest margins and extensive secondary regrowth in the coastal region.

(1) Frost, S. K. and P. G. H. Frost (1981). "Sunbird Pollination of Strelitzia nicolai." Oecologia 49(3): 379-384.

4.09

(1) Full sun to part-shade. (2) Sun to part-shade.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stre_nic.cfm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2466/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

4.10

acidic; well-drained (3) Soil pH needs to be on the acidic side 6.5-7.0.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2466/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 10]. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/STRNICA.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]. (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=ow7NMmhz5wwC&pg=PA249&lpg=PA249&dq=
strelitzia+nicolai+%2B+%22soil+pH%22&source=bl&ots=GJAZsNEKaj&sig=imBXTZcDteojN6BY6zb6US1hnw0&hl=
en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Nov 12].

4.11

(1) Tree-like perennial.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

No evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Strelitziaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Strelitziaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) no evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Propagation by seed.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stre_nic.cfm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Four species of sunbirds Nectariniidae pollinated S. nicolai in this study in South Africa. (2) The two bird species mainly responsible for the distribution of Strelitzia nicolai seed along the KwaZulu-Natal coastal region are Olive Sunbird and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus.

(1) Frost, S. K. and P. G. H. Frost (1981). "Sunbird Pollination of Strelitzia nicolai." Oecologia 49(3): 379-384. (2) http://www.birdinfo.co.za/botanical/fruit/29_strelitzia_nicolai.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 12].

6.06

(1) S. nicolai forms large clones or clumps through propagation by rhizomes.

(1) Frost, S. K. and P. G. H. Frost (1981). "Sunbird Pollination of Strelitzia nicolai." Oecologia 49(3): 379-384.

6.07

(1) S. nicolai requires many years of growth before they produce flowers.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stre_nic.cfm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10].

7.01

No evidence of dispersal unintentionally.

7.02

(1) Large populations of bird of paradise tree now inhabit shopping malls all over the country. It's size and bulk make it suitable for large-scale commercial landscapes, golf courses, parks, campuses. (2) S. nicolai is grown in Hawaii's gardens, primarily in larger and more spacious settings.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stre_nic.cfm [Accessed 2008 Nov 10]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.03

Not likely to be a produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) Fruit a woody capsule

(1) http://www.birdinfo.co.za/botanical/fruit/29_strelitzia_nicolai.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 12].

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1) The two bird species mainly responsible for distribution of Strelitzia nicolai seed along the KwaZulu-Natal coastal region are Olive Sunbird and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus.

(1) http://www.birdinfo.co.za/botanical/fruit/29_strelitzia_nicolai.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 12].

7.07

(1) No external attachment adaptation.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

(1) The chief disperser of Strelitzia nicolai seed is Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird. This bird feeds on the fluffy orange “aril” and regurgitates the hard black seed.

(1) http://www.birdinfo.co.za/botanical/fruit/29_strelitzia_nicolai.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 12].

8.01

No evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown