Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Santalum album
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -3
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) Santalaceae. Synonyms: Amaryllis candida Lindl.; Atamosco candida (Lindl.) Small | Answer | Score | ||
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | y=-3, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y=-1, n=-1 | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | y=-1, n=-1 | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | See Append 2 | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | ||
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y=1, n=0 | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y=1, n=0 | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | ?=-1, n=0 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 | |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n=0 | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n=0 | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n=0 | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | y=1, n=0 | y | 1 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | y=1, n=0 | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y=1, n=0 | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y=1, n=0 | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | y=5, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | y=1, n=0 | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y=1, n=-1 | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | y=-1, n=0 | y | -1 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | y=1, n=-1 | y | 1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | See left | 2 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y=1, n=-1 | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | y=1, n=-1 | y | 1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | y=1, n=-1 | y | 1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | y=1, n=-1 | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | y=-1, n=1 | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y=1, n=-1 | n | -1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | y=-1, n=1 | ||
| Total score: | -3 | |||
Supporting data:
| Notes | Source | |
| 1.01 | Although cultivated in India, Indonesia and elsewhere, no evidence that the cultivated speceis are different from the wild. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 1.02 | No evidence of naturalization in the introduced range. | |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | The natural distribution of S. album is in the tropical belt of the Indian peninsula, up to an elevation of 1200 m (Rai, 1990), in the highland regions of eastern Indonesia, primarily on the islands of Nusa Tenggara Timur, up to an elevation of 2000 m (Harisetijono and Suriamihardja, 1993), and the coastal areas of northern Australia, near Darwin (Barrett and Fox, 1995). S. album is considered indigenous along the southern islands of the Indonesian archipelago to eastern Java (Harisetijono and Suriamihardja, 1993). The origin of S. album is disputed, and it has been hypothesized that S. album was introduced to India from West Timor (Brand, 1994). However, references to sandalwood utilisation from natural stands in India can be traced back to 2300 years ago (Srinivasan et al., 1992).' |