Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Rosa multiflora


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 12


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Rosa multiflora Thunb. Family - Rosaceae. Common name - Multiflora rose, baby rose, Japanese rose, seven-sisters rose. Synonyms: Rosa cathayensis, Rosa ×floribunda hort. ex Andrews, Rosa multiflora var. carnea Thory, Rosa multiflora var. platyphylla Thory, Rosa watsoniana Crép. [≡ Rosa multiflora forma watsoniana].

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y

1

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

12

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

"Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE
China: China - Anhui, Fujian, Gansu [s.], Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei [s.], Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi [s.], Shandong, Zhejiang
Eastern Asia: Japan - Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku; Korea; Taiwan."

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

2.02

"Currently, it is found in much of the warmer parts of the United States with the exception of the desert portions of Nevada and California and the southeastern coastal plains. Plants in the northern regions show poor vigor due to limited cold tolerance."

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/exoticab/effirosa.htm

2.03

(1)"Multiflora rose apparently has a wide tolerance of soils and environmental conditions." (2)"Elevational range in China: 300-2000 m."

(1)http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/exoticab/effirosa.htm (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/FOC/projsfoc.html

2.04

(1)"Currently, it is found in much of the warmer parts of the United States with the exception of the desert portions of Nevada and California and the southeastern coastal plains. Plants in the northern regions show poor vigor due to limited cold tolerance." (2)naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, New Zealand, United States, & Canada
(3)"DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
 Multiflora rose occurs throughout the U.S., with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, the southeastern Coastal Plain and the deserts of California and Nevada." (4)NOT naturalized in southern or central Florida, or in Puerto Rico (sub-tropical to tropical)

(1)http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/exoticab/effirosa.htm
(2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (3)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (4)http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/maps.asp?plantID=1547

2.05

(1)naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, New Zealand, United States, & Canada (2)"DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
Multiflora rose occurs throughout the U.S., with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, the southeastern Coastal Plain and the deserts of California and Nevada."

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

3.01

(1)naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, New Zealand, United States, & Canada (2)"DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
Multiflora rose occurs throughout the U.S., with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, the southeastern Coastal Plain and the deserts of California and Nevada."

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

3.02

"Occurs in: agricultural areas, disturbed areas, natural forests, range/grasslands." [Answered yes for 3.04]

http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/
ecology.asp?si=215&fr=1&sts=

3.03

(1)"Its tenacious and unstoppable growth habit was eventually recognized as a problem on pastures and unplowed lands, where it disrupted cattle grazing. For these reasons, multiflora rose is classified as a noxious weed in several states, including Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and New Jersey. " (2)"Economic damage. Lost pasturage in many states, especially states with hilly terrain and pastures on steep slopes, has resulted in significant reduction in potential beef production. This thorned bramble now infests more than 45 million acres throughout the eastern United States (Underwood et al., 1996). Chalamira and Lawrence (1984) reported that multiflora rose was the highest priority agricultural problem in West Virginia. Experimental multiflora control programs in West Virginia during 1980 and 1981 indicated that more than 36,500 hectares were heavily infested and that a ten-year eradication program using herbicides would cost more than $40 million (Williams and Hacker, 1982). Similar burdens and costs were reported from neighboring states; to date, multiflora has been declared a noxious weed in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, and West Virginia (Amrine and Stasny, 1993)."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/22MultifloraRose.html

3.04

(1)"ECOLOGICAL THREAT - Multiflora rose is extremely prolific and can form impenetrable thickets that exclude native plant species. This exotic rose readily invades open woodlands, forest edges, successional fields, savannas and prairies that have been subjected to land disturbance." (2)"It has been declared a noxious weed in at least ten states (Amrine and Stasny, 1993)." (3)"Ecological damage. Multiflora rose has invaded a large number of habitats, from hillside pastures, fence rows, right-of-ways, and roadsides to forest edges and the margins of swamps and marshes (Scott, 1965). A single, vigorous, mature plant can produce up to half a million achenes (seeds) annually. Where plants have become well established, a huge seed bank develops that can continue to produce seedlings for at least twenty years after removal of mature plants. Severe multiflora rose infestations have lowered land values for agriculture, forestry, and recreation (Underwood et al., 1996). Since the 1960s, multiflora rose has become one of the most noxious weeds in the eastern United States. It is especially troublesome in regions with steep slopes, which prevent access by tractors or mowers for cutting this weed. Multiflora rose forms dense, impenetrable thickets in many regions of the eastern United States. At least ten states have passed noxious weed laws against it, and it is illegal to plant it in many areas (Amrine and Stasny, 1993; Fawcett, 1980; Klimstra, 1956; Kriebel, 1987; Williams and Hacker, 1982; Underwood et al., 1996). Many state publications and web sites list cultural and chemical methods for controlling multiflora rose, but biological control has been a neglected management option (Lingenfelter and Curran, 1995; Underwood and Stroube, 1986; Underwood et al, 1996)." (4)"Multiflora rose is categorized as an exotic weed under the Illinois Exotic Weed Control Act of 1987. As such, the sale or planting of this species within Illinois is prohibited."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/22MultifloraRose.html (3)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/22MultifloraRose.html (4)http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/outreach/VMG/mrose.html

3.05

No evidence

4.01

"Multiflora rose is a shrub with arching, weakly climbing, thorny stems. The thorns are curved, flattened, and broad-based."

http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants/html/rosa_mul.html

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)"Some places classify Multiflora rose as a "noxious weed" [1]. In grazing areas, this rose is generally considered to be a serious pest, though it is considered excellent fodder for goats." (2)"Abstract: Much of hill-land pasture in the Appalachian region of the United States is dominated by herbaceous weeds and brush. Low cost, low input and environmentally acceptable reclamation procedures are needed to maintain the productivity of these pastures. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of using goats (Capra hircus hircus) alone (30 mature, brush does/ha) or cattle (Bos taurus) with goats (17 mature, brush does/ha + two to three steers/ha - 225 kg average live weight) to reclaim a pasture from an abandoned, overgrown 5.9 ha orchard left untouched for 15 years. Over four grazing seasons, managed defoliation resulted in a substantial increase in herbaceous vegetative cover in plots grazed by goats alone (65 to 86%) and by goats with cattle (65 to 80%) while vegetative cover decreased from 70 to 22% in the control plot. Similarly, the cover by grass species increased in the grazed plots (goats: 16 to 63%; goats + cattle: 13 to 54%) while averaging 10% in the control plot. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thumb.) bushes were practically eliminated after four grazing seasons as quantified by an average reduction in height from 2.1 m to 0.6 m, and by the number of dead canes (stems) in both the goat (100%) or goat + cattle (92%) treatments. Results indicated that the foraging habits of goats resulted in the elimination of multiflora rose bushes and in a significant increase in desirable forage species." (3)"Wild rose - Rosehips are eaten as emergency winter food by ringnecked pheasants, sharp-tailed grouse and prairie chickens. Deer, cottontail rabbits and small mammals browse the twigs. Do not plant the alien multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). This invasive non-native is illegal to plant under the Wisconsin nuisance weed law because it is very aggressive and spreads rapidly."

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiflora_Rose
(2)Luginbuhl, J.-M.; Harvey, T. E.; Green, J. T., Jr., et al.
Use of goats as biological agents for the renovation of pastures in the Appalachian region of the United States
Agroforestry Systems 44 (2-3) : 241-252 1998-1999 (3)http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/wildlife_dir/treeshrubvine.htm

4.05

"Abstract: Because of extended exposure to potential seed predators and pathogens, persistent fruits of woody plants have been hypothesized to be chemically defended against biotic depredations. The "persistent fruit defense hypothesis" was tested using the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, in laboratory feeding trials with fruits of four alien shrubs naturalized in eastern North America: Ligustrum vulgare (common or European privet), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle and Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose). Anecdotal observations suggested potential chemical defense against small mammal predation for fruits of Ligustrum vulgare and Lonicera maackii due to toxicity and extreme pericarp bitterness, respectively. In contrast, fruits of Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora are known to be readily eaten by small mammals and so apparently lack chemical defense. It was hypothesized that levels of deer mouse consumption of fruits and the seeds within would be lowest in Ligustrum vulgare and Lonicera maackii due to defensive unpalatability and greatest in non-defended Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora. Deer mice readily extracted and consumed seeds from persistent fruits of Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera maackii and Rosa multiflora at comparable levels during most feeding trials and generally showed no distinct preference for, or aversion to, fruits of any species. Thus, the persistent fruit defense hypothesis was not supported for fruits of these alien shrubs under laboratory conditions."

Williams, Charles E.

Fruits of alien shrubs and deer mice: A test of the persistent fruit defense hypothesis

Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 73 (1) : 33-37 Aug., 1999

4.06

(1)"Rosa multiflora is also known to harbor rose rosette virus, a serious disease of cultivated roses." (2)"The disease is known to be transmitted by the eriophyid mite Phyllocoptes fructiphylus or by grafting. The wild multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is very susceptible to the disease and is a common source of inoculum. Cultivated roses planted downwind of infected multiflora rose are especially at risk because the mite vector travels on wind currents from infected to healthy plants. Some growers have observed symptoms on previously healthy plants within four weeks of being planted downwind from diseased multiflora rose. ... If possible, R. multiflora plants, which frequently serve as the source of inoculum, should be eliminated from the immediate vicinity (100-meter radius) of rose nurseries and gardens. Locations where individual multiflora rose plants have been removed should be monitored for regrowth and any regrowth should be removed and destroyed. Multiflora rose over larger areas is, however, difficult to control and complete removal may not be practical. To prevent infection of new transplants, avoid planting cultivated roses on hilltops or downwind of known multiflora rose plantings where the cultivated rose transplants are more susceptible to invasion by the mites."

(1)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/
Plant.asp?Code=F340&Submit=GO (2)http://www.ipm.msu.edu/CAT05_land/L07-01-05.htm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1)"Once established, it forms nearly impenetrable thickets that displace native understory plants and can become a fire hazard in wilderness areas." (2)"Once established, it forms nearly impenetrable thickets that displace native understory plants and can become a fire hazard in wilderness areas."

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiflora_Rose
(2)http://www.answers.com/topic/rosa-multiflora-1

4.09

(1)"Multiflora rose has a wide tolerance for various soil, moisture, and light conditions. It occurs in dense woods, prairies, along stream banks and roadsides and in open fields and pastures." (2)"Over time this plant has become a serious ecological problem because of its ability to grow in diverse light, soil, and moisture conditions, and because its seeds are widely broadcast by birds."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiflora_Rose

4.1

(1)"Multiflora rose has a wide tolerance for various soil, moisture, and light conditions. It occurs in dense woods, prairies, along stream banks and roadsides and in open fields and pastures." (2)"Over time this plant has become a serious ecological problem because of its ability to grow in diverse light, soil, and moisture conditions, and because its seeds are widely broadcast by birds." (3)"pH adaptable"

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiflora_Rose (3)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/r/rosmul/rosmul1.html

4.11

(1)"Multiflora rose is a shrub with arching, weakly climbing, thorny stems." (2)"Multiflora rose is a medium height, thorny, bushy shrub with a more spreading then erect growth form." (3)"Multiflora rose is a thorny, perennial shrub with arching stems (canes), and leaves divided into five to eleven sharply toothed leaflets. " (4)Photo of the plant (5)"Multiflora rose is listed as a "characteristic shrub" of the successional shrubland community-type in New York." [It is more like a scrambler than a climber- and no evidence of it smothering other vegetation due to this habit].

(1)http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants/html/rosa_mul.html (2)http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/outreach/VMG/mrose.html
(3)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm
(4)http://images.google.com/images?
svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&q=%22Rosa+multiflora%22 (5)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rosmul/all.html

4.12

(1)"Multiflora rose forms dense, impenetrable thickets in many regions of the eastern United States." (2)"Rosa multiflora is a perennial shrub that forms dense, impenetrable thickets of vegetation."

(1)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/22MultifloraRose.html (2)http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/
ecology.asp?si=215&fr=1&sts=

5.01

"Multiflora rose is a thorny, perennial shrub with arching stems (canes), and leaves divided into five to eleven sharply toothed leaflets. "

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

Flowers prolifically in Taiwan.

http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=21&page=240

6.02

"Germination of multiflora rose seeds is enhanced by passing through the digestive tract of birds."

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

6.03

"Multiflora roses hybridize extensively, often displaying parentage by the presence of pectinate stipules. The following hybrids, varieties, or relatives have either been discovered in nature, or raised experimentally: Rosa multiflora var. platyphylla 'Crimson Rambler' x R. Wichuraiana: = R. barbierana Rehd., lfls. 5-7, larger; petals in a single whorl, carmine, whitish at base; flws. 4-5 cm across. R.m. xR. rugosa = R. iwara Sieb., single, small white flws. (=R. yedoensis Makino with small pink flws.). Rosaiwara was introduced from Japan by Siebold in 1832. R.m. x R. chinensis = R. polyantha Hort., non R. polyantha Roessig. nec R. polyantha Sieb. & Zucc., is a tradename for these hybrids that are low shrubs with numerous, rather small, double flowers. R.m. x R. chinensis var. minima = 'Baby Rambler'R.m. x R. moschata = R. polyantha grandiflora, = R. moschata grandiflora. R.m. x R. borboniana 'General Jacqueminat' = R. Dawsoniana Hort., non Ellw. & Barry which is typical R.multiflora. This is the first hybrid of American origin (1888). Produces double rose-pink flws. R.m. x R. setigera = De La Grifferaie R.m. x R. gallica R.m. xR. blanda = Ames 5 and 6 R.m. var. carnea x R. rugosa (?) = R. multiflora var. platyphylla Rehder & Wilson. Plants were sent to Charles Greville (London 1815) from China and cuttings were taken to France by Noisette 1819 (= Seven Sisters Rose, Grevillia Rose). R. multiflora var. alba (? origin) introduced from Japan (1844). Chenault, more thorny and sturdy than typical R. multiflora. R. watsoniana Crepin (? origin) is a close relative of R. multiflora. Blooms white to pink, 4.2 cm across,inflorescence a many-flowered pyramidal corymb; lflts. 3-5, often mottled white. R. maximowicziana Regel var. Jackii Rehder and R. maximowicziana Regel var. pilosa Nakai are large-floweredrelatives that bloom 2 weeks later than R. multiflora (from Korea and Manchuria)."

http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:CMkH4qjSYiIJ:
www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/lib/agriculture/plantindustryfiles/
noxious_weed/multiflora_rose.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora%22+hybrid%7
Chybridization%7Chybrids%7Chybridizing&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=us

6.04

obligate outcrosser

Jesse, Laura C.; Moloney, Kirk A.; Obrycki, John J.
Insect pollinators of the invasive plant, Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae), in Iowa, USA
Weed Biology and Management 6 (4) : 235-240 2006

6.05

"Abstract: Invasive species often require mutualistic relationships to successfully invade new environments. Insect pollination is an example of a mutualism that is required for seed-set in the invasive species, Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae), an obligate outcrosser. To determine the insect pollinators visiting R. multiflora flowers in Iowa, USA, we collected insects on yellow sticky traps placed on plants during the period of blooming and visually observed insects visiting the flowers. The common insect orders that were collected on the sticky traps included Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, and Thysanoptera. Many of the insects found on the sticky cards were known to feed on pollen. However, we did not collect Apidae (bumble bees and honey bees) on the sticky cards. We observed Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera foraging on the flowers. Syrphid flies were the most commonly observed taxa visiting the flowers. Our results indicate that R. multiflora is utilizing common generalist insect pollinators in Iowa and that pollination is not a limiting factor for this invasive species."

Jesse, Laura C.; Moloney, Kirk A.; Obrycki, John J.
Insect pollinators of the invasive plant, Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae), in Iowa, USA
Weed Biology and Management 6 (4) : 235-240 2006

6.06

(1)"Multiflora rose reproduces by seed and by forming new plants that root from the tips of arching canes that contact the ground." (2)" Multiflora rose may also reproduce by rooting at the tips of drooping side canes." (3)"Multiflora rose may form new plants via layering of the stems (stems root when in contact with the soil). However, this is not a common phenomenon. Some believe that multiflora rose has a spreadingroot system. This is not true. Nevertheless, multiple stems arise from the root crown and to ensurethat no regrowth occurs when plants are physically removed from the soil, the entire root crown must be excavated." [Although the species is known to reproduced by layering, no evidence of spread of the species by such vegetative methods.]

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=215&fr=1&sts= (3)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zc_dSwMbcHcJ:
www.weeds.iastate.edu/ncwss2006/abstracts/239.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora
%22+flower+year&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

6.07

(1)"Multiflora rose seedlings grow inconspicuously for the first year or two (Schery 1977) but quicklybecome well anchored. Once established, it is difficult to dislodge plants by pulling as stems usually break off, leaving the root crown in tact and capable of resprouting." [An perennnial, probably 2 to 3 years.]

http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zc_dSwMbcHcJ:
www.weeds.iastate.edu/ncwss2006/abstracts/239.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora
%22+flower+year&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

"It has been introduced into North America many times since the late 1700s as garden plants and as root stock for ornamental roses."

http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/22MultifloraRose.html

7.03

"Weed: also potential seed contaminant."

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

7.04

No evidence

7.05

No evidence

7.06

"Fruits are readily sought after by birds which are the primary dispersers of its seed."

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

7.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

(1)"Germination of multiflora rose seeds is enhanced by passing through the digestive tract of birds." (2)"Germination: Germination success may be enhanced by scarification from passing through bird digestive tracts"

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rosmul/all.html

8.01

(1)" It has been estimated that an average multiflora rose plant may produce a million seeds per year, which may remain viable in the soil for up to twenty years." (2)"Each multiflora rose hip contains 7 to 8 seeds [1 to 22 seeds each in W. Virginia (Amrine, 2002) and 5 to 11 seeds each in Wisconsin (Doll, unpublished data), respectively]. Robust multiflora rose bushesin the southeastern region of the USA form an average of 50 panicles (flower clusters) per cane; each panicle has with nearly 50 fruits each with seven seeds, potentially resulting in 17,500 seeds per cane and up to 500,000 seeds per plant (Amrine, 2002)."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zc_dSwMbcHcJ:
www.weeds.iastate.edu/ncwss2006/abstracts/239.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora
%22+flower+year&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

8.02

(1)"It has been estimated that an average multiflora rose plant may produce a million seeds per year, which may remain viable in the soil for up to twenty years." (2)"Single multiflora rose seeds weigh 6 to 9 mg resulting in 50,000 to 80,000 seeds per pound (Meyer,2006) Meyer also states that the germination of rose seeds in general is a “complex process that may involve changes at the pericarp, testa and embryo levels. The degree of dormancy and the principallevel of dormancy control vary among species, cultivars, seedlots, and even among hips within a single bush.” Stratification (chilling of seeds under moist conditions) may stimulate fresh seeds to germinate. The Association of Official Seed Analysts (1993) suggests that storing seeds in a wet medium at 3 to 5 C for 28 days induces germination but much longer periods (90 to 180 days) were cited by Meyer (2006). My efforts to germinate multiflora rose seeds were not rigorous (seeds kept at room temperature or refrigerated for 1 to 5 months) but completely failed to achieve germination (Doll, unpublished data). Cold stratification from Feb. 1 to April was recommended by Steavenson (1946) to enhance germination. Under natural conditions, it would seem that a single winter season would be sufficient to break multiflora rose seed dormancy. No data on seed longevity in either storage or natural conditions were found. Several authors note that seeds can live for many years and some state that seeds can last for 20 years in the soil. Longevity and germination studies under field conditions are needed." (3)"Seed banking: Seeds may remain viable in the soil for 10 to 20 years, but detailed information on seed longevity is lacking." [GIven the seed dormancy, an estimation of of remaining viable for > 1 year under field conditions seems reasonable].

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zc_dSwMbcHcJ:
www.weeds.iastate.edu/ncwss2006/abstracts/239.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora
%22+flower+year&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us (3)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rosmul/all.html

8.03

(1)"Mechanical and chemical methods are currently the most widely used methods for managing multiflora rose. ... Various herbicides have been used successfully in controlling multiflora rose but, because of the long-lived stores of seed in the soil, follow-up treatments are likely to be necessary. Application of systemic herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) to freshly cut stumps or to regrowth may be the most effective methods, especially if conducted late in the growing season. Plant growth regulators have been used to control the spread of multiflora rose by preventing fruit set. " (2)"It can be effectively controlled using any of the several readily available general use herbicides such as glyphosate or triclopyr. Because of the long-lived stores of seed in the soil, follow-up treatments may be necessary." (3)"Effective eradication can be achieved with repeated herbicide applications, while bio-control agents will weaken plants."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm (2)http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/multiflora-rose.pdf (3)http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/
states/alabama/news/news1821.html

8.04

(1)Abstract: Fire has often been shown to promote invasion by non-native plant species, but few studies have examined the process in temperate-zone deciduous forests. To examine the potential of prescribed fire to facilitate invasions in the Central Hardwoods ecosystem, we experimentally burned small plots and simulated aspects of fire at a forested site in southeastern Ohio, USA. Treatments included high and low burn intensity, lime addition, and litter removal to test hypotheses of population limitation by fire intensity, fire-caused nutrient release, and removal of leaf litter, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in two landscape positions (dry upland, moist lowland) and two canopy conditions (gap, no gap). The experimental sites were not significantly different from randomly chosen forest sites in any of 12 environmental variables. Seeds of two problematic non-native species (Microstegium vimineum and Rosa multiflora) were sown into plots following treatment to test the possibility of seed limitation. We recorded germination and height growth at three dates 1, 4, and 14 months following burning. Germination was promoted by litter removal and high- and low-intensity fire treatments in M. vimineum, and by high-intensity fire in R. multiflora. Seedling growth of both species was greatest following high-intensity fire under canopy gaps. Germination in the second year showed treatment effects similar to the first year indicating persistence of fire effects. Both species showed stronger recruitment in valleys and in canopy gaps, reflecting an interaction of fire and landscape position. We infer that prescribed burning and canopy-opening management practices have the potential to facilitate invasion of the study area by creating conditions promoting establishment and growth of at least two non-native species. The absence of these species in previous studies appears to be due to a lack of propagules rather than the unsuitability of forest sites for germination or growth. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (2)"Multiflora rose seedlings grow inconspicuously for the first year or two (Schery 1977) but quicklybecome well anchored. Once established, it is difficult to dislodge plants by pulling as stems usually break off, leaving the root crown in tact and capable of resprouting." ... "Infrequent mowing of multiflora rose seldom kills plants but if done before viable seeds are formed, even a single mowing would greatly reduce seed production. Unfortunately, many infestations are on sites that are difficult at best to mow."

(1)Glasgow, Lance S.; Matlack, Glenn R.
The effects of prescribed burning and canopy openness on establishment of two non-native plant species in a deciduous forest, southeast Ohio, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 238 (1-3) : 319-329 JAN 30 2007 (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:zc_dSwMbcHcJ:
www.weeds.iastate.edu/ncwss2006/abstracts/239.pdf+%22Rosa+multiflora
%22+flower+year&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

8.05

"Biological control is not yet available for management of multiflora rose. However, researchers are investigating several options, including a native viral pathogen (rose-rosette disease), which is spread by a tiny native mite, and a seed-infesting wasp, the European rose chalcid. Rose-rosette disease, native to the western U.S., has been spreading easterwardly at a slow pace and is thought to hold the potential for eliminating multiflora rose in areas where it grows in dense patches. An important drawback to both the rose rosette fungus and the European rose chalcid is their potential impact to other rose species and cultivars."

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm


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