Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Pyrrosia piloselloides


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pyrrosia piloselloides (L,) M. G. Price. Family - Polypodiaceae. Common Names(s) - dragons scale fern. Synonym(s) - Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C. Presl., Pteris piloselloides L. (basionym).

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

 

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native: Asia-temperate: Chine - Hainan, Yunnan; Asia-tropical: India, Indochina, Thailand.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

2.02

(1) Native: Asia-temperate: Chine - Hainan, Yunnan; Asia-tropical: India, Indochina, Thailand.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

2.03

(1) Altitude from sea level to 1000 m.

(1) Kalkman C, Nooteboom H.P. (eds.) 1998. Flora Malesiana. Series II volume 3. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands.

2.04

(1) Native: Asia-temperate: Chine - Hainan, Yunnan; Asia-tropical: India, Indochina, Thailand.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

2.05

 

3.01

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pyrrosia_piloselloides/ [Cited 2009 April 1].

3.02

(1) Pyrrosia piloselloides is a pioneering epiphyte on roadside trees and it is an early successional species for other ferns and orchid species.

(1) Ong, B.L., C.K.K. Koh, and Y.C. Wee. 1997. Relationship between fern development and CAM in Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price. Photosynthetica. 34(1): p. 147-149.

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pyrrosia_piloselloides/ [Cited 2009 April 1].

3.04

(1) Quaranteed weed in Australia. Prohibited entry. (2) Older plants may completely overgrow entire trees, with sometimes fatal effects.

(1) http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/PW/WEED/PERMITTED_PROHIBITED.HTM#imp [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) Kalkman C, Nooteboom H.P. (eds.) 1998. Flora Malesiana. Series II volume 3. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands.

3.05

no evidence

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=UNe-JB5ftKEC&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=pyrrosia+piloselloides+description&source=bl&ots=Q7l6XKlfZM&sig=texF7zjvJ2ut_WcDPyFp-k2kF4o&hl=en&ei=B8rTSfqkI4GYtAO_sqGzCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5 [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy.

 

4.03

(1) Both the sporophyte and the gametophyte stages of Pyrrosia piloselloides are autotrophic.

(1) Ong, B.L., C.K.K. Koh, and Y.C. Wee. 1998. Relationship between fern development and CAM in Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price. Photosynthetica. 34(1): p. 147-149.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.06

not recognised

 

4.07

(1) In the Philippines, the ground leaves are used as styptic for coagulating blood and arresting cappilary hemorrhages. It is also used for eczema, for conditions referred to as 'agihap.' Leaves also applied to "bukol" areas, ie. Small subcutaneous lumps and nodes. (2) No evidence in PubMed. (3) No evidence in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 1]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.08

(1) Epiphytic fern.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.09

(1) In its natural habitat, Pyrrosia piloselloides grows more or less in the shade at low light intensities.

(1) Ong B.L. Friemert M.K. 1986 Crassulacean acid metabolism in the epiphytic ferns Drymoglossum piloselloides and Pyrrosia longifolia: studies on responses to environmental signals. Plant, Cell and Environment. 9(7): p. 547-557.

4.10

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.11

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

4.12

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

5.01

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

5.02

(1) Polypodiaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

5.03

(1) Polypodiaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

5.04

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) In this study spores were collected from naturally growing populations.

(1) Ong, B.L., C.K.K. Koh, and Y.C. Wee. 1997. Relationship between fern development and CAM in Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price. Photosynthetica. 34(1): p. 147-149.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) The life cycle and reproduction of the pteridophytes is characterized by a complete absence of conspicuous flowers and fruit, the production of minute fine spores, often in copious quantities, and by alternating generations of separate spore producing plants (sporophytes) and gamete producing plants (gametophytes). The general cycle involves the production of asexual spores on the sporophyte which are shed and germinate to grow into gametophytes which produce male organs with motile sperm and female organs with non-motile egg cells. Fertilization follows and the egg cell develops into a new sporophyte to complete and continue the cycle.

(1) http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/life_cycle.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

6.05

(1) Polypodiaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447799 [Cited 2009 March 31].

6.06

(1) Similarly populations of climbing epiphytes may be increased in extent and mass as rhizomes branch, break and regrow; examples include genera of Polypodiaceae (Pyrrosia, Lemmaphyllum, Microsorum).

(1) http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/life_cycle.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

6.07

(1) In this study, spores germinated 5 days after sowing; mature gametophytes were obtained 60 days after sowing. In 90% of the gametophytes, both archegonia and antheridia were observed 75 days after sowing. Sporophytic initials were observed in these gametophytes 100 days after sowing; further development of these initials produced the first sporophytic fronds 10 days later.

(1) Ong, B.L., C.K.K. Koh, and Y.C. Wee, Relationship between fern development and CAM in Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price. Photosynthetica, 1997. 34(1): p. 147-149.

7.01

(1) A climbing epiphyte. (2) In Borneo, often found colonizing bare bark on the tree trunks and can cover entire trees, including the thin twigs.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1]. (2) http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/databank/fernbank.asp?p=9&nop=14 [Cited 2009 April 1].

7.02

(1) Available from Black Jungle aquarium supply.

(1) http://www.blackjungle.com/ju03003.htm[Cited 2009 April 1]

7.03

(1) A climbing epiphyte.

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

7.04

(1) A climbing epiphytic fern (spores).

(1) http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pagong-pagongan.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

7.05

Unknown [grows in wet environments]

 

7.06

(1) Yellow-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus goviavier) nest in Johor, Malaysia was built mainly from stems of Pyrrosia piloselloides.

(1) http://besgroup.talfrynature.com/category/nests/page/2/ [Cited 2009 April 1].

7.07

(1) No means of external attachment.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=UNe-JB5ftKEC&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=pyrrosia+piloselloides+description&source=bl&ots=Q7l6XKlfZM&sig=texF7zjvJ2ut_WcDPyFp-k2kF4o&hl=en&ei=B8rTSfqkI4GYtAO_sqGzCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5 [Cited 2009 April 1].

7.08

Unlikely to be eaten by animals, and if consumed spores would probably be destroyed during digestion

 

8.01

According to the WRA Workshop 2007 protocol, assume ferns have prolific spore production unless contradictory evidence exists.

 

8.02

(1) The viability of spores is anywhere from a few days to a few months.The gametophyte generation, or prothallus, in ferns and their allies is nearly always short lived and inconspicuous.

(1) http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/life_cycle.html [Cited 2009 April 1].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown


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